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Nordic Outlook · 2026年9月

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丹麦银行2026年9月北欧展望指出,尽管伊朗战争导致能源价格上涨,但全球经济仍保持韧性,人工智能相关投资提供了对冲。欧元区增长强于预期,促使上调预测,而美国经济在逆风中表现良好,预期美联储将两次加息。中国面临消费低迷但科技繁荣,北欧各国情况不一。关键预测包括欧洲央行存款利率在2027年前维持2.50%,美联储在12月和3月加息,以及主要经济体的具体增长和通胀预测。

机构
丹麦银行
发布时间
2026/09/03
研究主题
Economic growth · Global · GDP growth
时间范围
2026-2027 · 12 months · 2027-2028 · 2026

关键论点

  • 尽管能源价格高企,但全球增长仍保持韧性,受到AI相关投资支撑。
  • 欧元区2026年增长上调至0.8%,2027年上调至1.4%,预计欧洲央行将再次加息并在2027年前维持利率在2.50%。
  • 美国2026年GDP增长预测上调至2.1%,预计美联储将在12月和3月加息两次。
  • 由于消费疲软,中国2026年GDP预测下调至4.6%,但科技和出口繁荣。
  • 北欧经济体情况不一:丹麦GDP高但内需温和,瑞典复苏,挪威放缓,芬兰温和增长。

关键数字

欧元区2026年GDP增长
0.8%
欧元区2027年GDP增长
1.4%
美国2026年GDP增长
2.1%
美国2027年GDP增长
1.8%
中国2026年GDP增长
4.6%
中国2027年GDP增长
4.7%

主要风险

  • 中东冲突可能导致能源价格进一步飙升,影响增长。
  • AI投资热潮可能无法实现预期回报,导致需求拖累。
  • 美国等地的不可持续财政政策构成长期风险。
  • 中国房地产危机和低消费者信心可能持续。
  • 地缘政治紧张,特别是台湾问题,仍是风险。

对应原文证据

  1. The global economy is holding up remarkably well despite the impact of higher energy prices caused by war in the Middle East, and we are mostly revising up the outlook for both the major and the Nordic economies in this Nordic Outlook. · 2026-2027
  2. We expect euro area GDP to grow by 0.8% in 2026, up from 0.7% in our previous forecast, and by 1.4% in 2027, up from 1.2%. · 2026-2027
  3. We forecast inflation to average 3.0% in 2026, unchanged from our June forecast, and 2.5% in 2027, up from 2.3%. · 2026-2027

上下文:结论为 Tlines 自动提取,并非机构原话;带引号的证据为机构原文。引用时须同时保留机构、日期与时间范围。

在原始来源核验 ↗
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完整中文译文

第 1 页

摘要 全球 欧元区 美国 中国 北欧摘要 丹麦 瑞典 挪威 芬兰 目录 分析师

北欧展望

2026 年 9 月

新的增长来源

要点

  • 许多国家的消费需求因能源价格上涨而受到抑制,但其他来源,尤其是与人工智能相关的投资,在很大程度上抵消了这一影响。
  • 总体而言,我们预计增长、通胀和失业率将趋同于结构性水平,尽管存在重大风险,特别是与能源供应相关的风险。
  • 瑞典和芬兰经济正在复苏,而丹麦的高增长率掩盖了国内经济的平稳态势,挪威经济则正在放缓。

本报告中的重要披露和认证自第 36 页起。

第 2 页

Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Sweden Norway FinlandContents

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 2

Analysts

Where no other source is mentioned statistical sources are: Danske Bank, Macrobond, EC, IMF and other national statistical institutes as well as proprietary calculations. Editorial deadline: Wednesday 2 September 2026 at 16:00 CET Date of publication: Thursday 3 September 2026 at 06:00 CET

This publication can be viewed on www.danskebank.com/danskeresearch Editor-in-Chief: Las Olsen Chief Economist laso@danskebank.com Bjørn Tangaa Sillemann Denmark bjsi@danskebank.com

Rune Thyge Johansen Co-editor and euro area rujo@danskebank.com

Asger Wilhelm Dalsjö Denmark asdal@danskebank.dk Antti Ilvonen US and Finland ilvo@danskebank.com

Magnus Poulsen US magpo@danskebank.com Frida Måhl Sweden fmh@danskebank.com Susanne Spector Sweden sspec@danskebank.com

Frank Jullum Norway fju@danskebank.com

Kaisa Kivipelto Finland kakiv@danskebank.com

Olavi Kaskisaari Finland okas@danskebank.com Allan von Mehren China alvo@danskebank.com Analysts

第 3 页

Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Sweden Norway FinlandAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 3 Contents

Subscribe to newsletters on Macro, FI, and FX on our Research webpage

Important disclosures and certifications are contained from page 36 of this report.

Contents

04 Summary New sources of growth

05 Global Old and new sources of growth

07 Euro area A resilient economy

09 US Defying growing headwinds

11 China Tech boom amid consumer gloom

13 Nordic summary Mixed picture in the Nordics

14 Denmark Normal economy with extreme GDP

18 Sweden Sweden: Back to normal

22 Norway Weaker growth

26 Finland The Finnish economy delivered a growth surprise

Page 4

全球 欧元区 美国 中国 北欧 摘要 丹麦 瑞典 挪威 芬兰目录分析师

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 4 摘要

全球 尽管中东战争导致的能源价格上涨带来了影响,全球经济依然表现相当稳健,在本期Nordic Outlook中,我们主要上调了对主要经济体和北欧经济体的展望。人工智能相关投资的激增正在支撑美国及全球的需求,并应会在预测期内继续成为重要的增长来源,尽管其长期影响尚不确定。能源市场和人工智能需求均给经济展望带来正反两方面的风险。在近期之外,庞大的公共赤字和债务、延迟的绿色转型、贸易合作的弱化以及地缘政治冲突,仍然是令人担忧的严重问题。

丹麦 丹麦的GDP增长强劲,但这并不能充分反映大多数企业和消费者的实际状况,他们只经历了温和的增长。我们预计消费将温和增长,主要由收入增加驱动,如果家庭降低其较高的储蓄率,则存在更强劲增长的可能。劳动力增速略高于就业增速,导致失业率略有上升。房价持续上涨,尽管首都地区的房价增长已有所放缓,并可能进一步受到增税的影响。我们预计,药品价格下降和武器进口增加将拖累经常账户盈余,而运费上涨则推高盈余。

挪威 经济似乎正处于低于趋势的增长期,这可能是由于利率上升所致。增长也分布不均,对利率敏感的行业受到的冲击最大。通胀在夏季出人意料地下降,降低了利率的上行风险和经济下行风险。到目前为止,劳动力市场仍然紧张,但工资增长明显放缓。在一个非常接近的决定中,我们预计挪威央行将在9月再次加息,但通胀降低将为明年三次降息留出空间。挪威克朗仍然主要受全球能源价格和美元的影响。 欧元区 尽管能源价格上涨,欧元区经济的韧性仍强于预期。增长受到制造业走强、与人工智能相关的需求以及更多财政刺激的支持,因此我们将2026和2027的GDP预测分别上调至同比0.8%和同比1.4%。通胀仍主要由能源驱动,而随着工资增长放缓,更广泛的价格压力仍受抑制。我们预计欧洲央行将在9月再次加息,并在2027,期间将存款利率维持在2.50%,风险被视为均衡。

瑞典 瑞典经济在今年夏季表现好于预期,为未来的强劲增长创造了条件。经济增长正在回升,资源利用率接近正常水平,劳动力市场虽然仍保持谨慎,但随着商业周期的加强应会有所改善。受全球供应中断、极端天气、大宗商品价格上涨以及克朗疲软的影响,通胀风险有所上升,而临时财政措施则压低了2026的CPIF。选民将于9月前往投票站,民意调查显示政府将更迭,但组建新政府可能需要时间。对于瑞典央行而言,下一步行动将是在今年秋天加息,随后在冬季再次加息。

芬兰 芬兰经济已进入温和增长阶段,主要由私人消费和出口部门推动。尽管失业率已趋稳定,但劳动力市场状况仍然疲软。虽然能源价格上涨和利率上升对购买力构成压力,但工资增长预计将在未来几年超过通胀。住房市场仍处于低迷状态,住宅建设至少在接下来一年内将持续疲软。全球投资周期将继续成为芬兰制造业需求的关键驱动力。

新的增长来源

第 5 页

摘要 欧元区 美国 中国 北欧摘要 丹麦 瑞典 挪威 芬兰 内容 分析师

丹麦银行 / 北欧展望 5 全球

新旧增长来源

  • 能源价格上涨本身对增长构成负面影响,因为它们削弱了消费者支出并导致利率上升,但整体增长仍好于预期。
  • 美国和全球需求均受到人工智能相关投资的支撑,我们预计这些投资至少在我们的预测期内将持续,尽管长期前景仍高度不确定。
  • 能源价格和人工智能投资既带来积极风险,也带来消极风险,而不可持续的公共财政则是引发一些深层长期担忧的因素之一。 尽管中东战争导致的能源价格上涨带来冲击,但全球经济仍表现出色,我们在本版北欧展望中普遍上调了对主要经济体和北欧经济体的展望。总体而言,能源价格的上涨实际上影响了其他领域的消费者支出,并促使欧洲央行加息以及其他地方市场利率上升,但这些负面影响正被其他来源的需求增长所抵消。与人工智能相关的投资激增集中在美国,但对全球制造业产生了影响,不仅涉及芯片和IT设备,还包括重工业。在欧洲,指标显示公共投资和支出的需求增长略高于预期。

全球经济之所以仍处于相对良性状态的一个重要原因是,在伊朗战争冲击之前的起点相当均衡。通胀和失业率既不高也不低,经济增长和利率大致处于估算的潜在水平,当然也存在例外情况。这与过热的2022,不同,使得外部冲击更难将经济推向极端。我们仍然预计,能源价格上升将对其他价格产生间接影响,但到目前为止,我们看到的此类影响少得惊人,或许是因为当前环境并非企业易于提价的环境。

能源市场仍处于岌岌可危的状态,稍有差池就可能推动价格大幅上涨,即使世界经济比预期的更具韧性,也将因此遭受损失。相反的情况,即价格突然快速下跌,则

第 6 页

摘要 欧元区 美国 中国 北欧摘要 丹麦 瑞典 挪威 芬兰内容分析师

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 6 美国 尽管受到关税、高能源成本和劳动力供应减少的不利影响,美国经济仍表现良好。经济将面临更广泛的物价压力。我们维持上一期Nordic Outlook中关于美联储将在12月和3月两次加息的预期。中国 由于夏季消费数据令人失望,我们将2026年的GDP预测从4.8%下调至4.6%。对于2027年,我们继续预期增长4.7%。欧元区 欧元区增长具有韧性,受到制造业反弹和财政政策的支持。通胀仍主要由能源驱动,而欧洲央行的存款利率预计将从9月起达到2.50%。这也是一种可能性。我们假设油价走势与市场定价一致,今年保持在每桶90美元左右,并在2027年底前回落至每桶75美元左右。额外的 uncertainty 来自这样一个事实:柴油和汽油等石油产品的价格目前远高于仅根据油价所预期的水平。

人工智能相关投资的繁荣显然是另一个不确定性来源。我们确实认为,在我们的预测期内,这种繁荣很可能会持续下去,但这些投资能否在更远的未来带来必要的回报,仍是一个悬而未决的问题。如果无法实现回报,这可能会对需求造成巨大拖累;如果能够实现,则可能维持经济活动,并意味着全球生产力将得到大幅提升,从而改善经济前景的许多方面。此外,还存在许多其他风险。美国及其他地区不可持续的财政政策是一个令人深切担忧的问题。我们有充分理由担心,当下一次世界面临某种经济危机时,在平静时期公共债务和赤字已经非常庞大的情况下,会发生什么。绿色转型远远落后于计划,而世界在贸易与合作方面倒退,使得自身处境更加艰难,同时当前和未来的战争也构成威胁。但展望今明两年的前景,我们并不过于担忧,并认为既有上行潜力,也有下行风险。

资料来源:标普全球,Macrobond

增长表现异常坚挺

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 指数 指数

2023 2024 2025 2026

全球制造业PMI 全球服务业PMI

我们正密切关注中东局势和油价,同时也密切关注世界其他地区的需求指标”

拉什·奥尔森,首席经济学家 全球

第 7 页

Summary Global US China Nordic summary Denmark Sweden Norway FinlandContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 7 Euro area

The euro area economy has performed better than expected despite the sharp rise in energy prices. The conflict in Iran has raised costs for companies and pushed up consumer prices, but growth has remained close to potential. So far, inflation has mainly been energy-driven rather than spreading broadly to other goods and services. We are therefore slightly more positive on the outlook than before and now expect ECB policy rates to stay higher in 2027. However, uncertainty is unusually high, especially as the outlook depends heavily on energy prices. Our forecast assumes that energy prices broadly follow current futures markets.

We expect euro area GDP to grow by 0.8% in 2026, up from 0.7% in our previous forecast, and by 1.4% in 2027, up from 1.2%. Manufacturing is recovering more strongly than expected, with higher new orders supporting production. One driver is the rapid increase in global investments in artificial intelligence. European companies are not directly leading these investments, but many firms indirectly supply equipment, components and infrastructure Parentheses are the old projections (from June 2026) *End of period Source: Danske Bank, Eurostat, ECB GDP Growth

Inflation

Unemployment

Policy rate* 1.3%

2.1%

6.3%

2.00% 2025

0.8% (0.7%)

3.0% (3.0%)

6.4% (6.4%)

2.50% (2.50%) Forecast 2026

1.4% (1.2%)

2.5% (2.3%)

6.4% (6.4%)

2.50% (2.00%) 2027

A resilient economy

  • The euro area economy has proved more resilient than expected despite higher energy prices and unusually high uncertainty.
  • 我们上调了对2026年和2027,年的增长预测,原因为制造业走强、与人工智能相关的需求以及更多的财政刺激措施。
  • 通胀仍主要由能源推动,而更广泛的物价压力仍然缺失,原因是工资增长放缓且消费者保持谨慎,限制了传导效应。
  • 我们预计欧洲央行将在9月再次上调政策利率,并在2027,年之前将存款利率维持在2.50%,风险被认为均衡。

第 8 页

摘要 全球 美国 中国 北欧摘要 丹麦 瑞典 挪威 芬兰目录分析师

Danske Bank / 北欧展望 8 欧元区

数据中心和电力系统等领域所需。财政政策也提供了更多支持,尤其是德国公共支出显著增加,而法国的紧缩力度低于预期。这些经济领域对利率的敏感度较低,因此尽管明年欧洲央行政策利率较高,经济增长仍更具韧性。

对家庭而言,前景不那么乐观。我们预计私人消费仅会缓慢增长,因为更高的能源账单和疲软的实际工资增长限制了购买力。然而,随着实际工资增长加速,消费应在 2027 年成为更重要的增长动力。投资仍然低迷,部分原因是利率上升拖累了扩张决策。总体而言,增长风险较为均衡:如果消费者减少高额储蓄,支出可能会增加;但如果利率和能源价格的影响超过预期,增长可能会令人失望。

我们预测通胀率在 3.0% 年平均为 2026,,与六月预测持平,在 2027, 年为 2.5%,高于此前预期的 2.3%。总体通胀率已升至 3% 以上,并可能在今年剩余时间内保持在接近 3.5% 的水平,主要受能源影响。到目前为止,我们未看到能源冲击蔓延至能源产品以外的其他商品和服务(包括食品)的迹象。工资增长放缓应有助于使核心通胀率在 2026 年平均为 2.4%,在 2026, 年为 2.3%,并在 -2027 年底前向 2% 靠拢。

劳动力市场有助于解释为何通胀压力仍然受到抑制。失业率较低,但企业对新增劳动力的需求有限,且消费者态度谨慎,使得企业更难将成本上升转嫁出去。我们预计这种平衡将持续,失业率基本保持不变。通胀前景的主要不确定性在于能源。冬季前天然气库存较低,增加了短期内价格上行的风险。伊朗战争的解决可能会降低能源价格,使通胀更快回落。总体而言,通胀风险大致平衡。

经济走强,加上与人工智能相关的需求以及更具扩张性的财政政策,改变了我们对欧洲央行的看法。我们仍预计9月份将进行最后一次25bp加息,将存款利率提高至2.50%,但不再预期2027会有两次降息。相反,我们预期利率将在2027全年保持在2.50%。从长期来看,我们认为欧洲央行会将存款利率下调至约2.0%,但在2027,将利率维持在略高水平,以降低通胀预期脱锚的风险。我们预测的风险是双向的。工资增长放缓以及基础通胀受控,仍可能在年底-2027,前触发降息,而能源价格高企和天然气库存较低意味着,今年晚些时候再次加息也不能排除。

目前为止,我们尚未看到能源冲击从能源产品蔓延至其他商品和服务(包括食品)的迹象。

Rune Thyge Johansen,高级分析师

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 % 环比 指数

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

GDP(不含爱尔兰),左轴 制造业PMI,右轴 服务业PMI,右轴

来源:欧盟统计局、Danske Bank、S&P Global、Macrobond 欧元区经济增长继续在潜在水平附近

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

3.25

2.15 % y/y % y/y

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

HICP HICP excl. energy No inflationary effects outside of energy products 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 Index 2021=100 Index 2021=100

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

Total orders Domestic orders Foreign orders

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Macrobond Markedly higher orders in German manufacturing sector

Source: Eurostat, Macrobond

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摘要 全球 欧元区 中国 北欧摘要 丹麦 瑞典 挪威 芬兰目录分析师

丹麦银行 / Nordic Outlook 9 美国

尽管面临关税、高昂能源成本和劳动供给减少等不利因素,美国经济依然表现良好。2026, 的增长略超我们的预期,因此我们将 2026 的GDP预测上调至 2.1%,与市场共识一致,并维持此前对 2027 年GDP增长 1.8% 的预期。

实际GDP在Q2 仅环比增长 0.4%,低于我们的预期。然而,衡量为家庭消费和私人固定投资的面向私人国内购买者的最终销售额环比增长稳健,达 1.0%。高进口增长和库存减少掩盖了强劲的潜在增长。这意味着高进口增长和库存减少掩盖了强劲的潜在增长。此外,夏季关税退款也为增长提供了暂时性的提振,参见RtM USD - 关税截止日期临近,但宏观影响缓解,14 年7月。

Q2 私人消费增长加快。消费者通过降低储蓄率来应对不断上升的能源成本,储蓄率徘徊在自 2022 疫情后通胀热潮以来及更早的 2005-07 以来的最低水平附近。也就是说,括号内为旧预测(截至 2026 年6月) *期末 来源:丹麦银行,美国经济分析局,美国劳工统计局,美联储 GDP增长

通胀

失业率

联邦基金利率* 2.1%

2.7%

4.3%

3.75% 2025

2.1% (2.0%)

3.2% (3.5%)

4.3% (4.3%)

4.00% (4.00%) 预测 2026

1.8% (1.8%)

2.5% (2.8%)

4.2% (4.2%)

4.25% (4.25%) 2027

逆风日增中展现韧性

  • 尽管不利因素日益增多,近期经济动能有所回升。高进口和库存减少掩盖了消费和投资领域强劲的潜在国内增长。
  • 我们将2026年GDP增长预测略微上调至2.1%(此前为2.0%),并将2027年预测维持在1.8%。上半年增长略超我们预期。随着未来实际工资总额增长受劳动力供应下降制约,消费面临日益加大的阻力。未来增长愈发依赖固定投资,尤其是与人工智能相关的投资。
  • 通胀回落幅度略超预期,但我们认为其影响正在扩大。我们将2026年整体通胀预测下调至3.2%(此前为3.5%),并将2027年预测下调至2.5%(此前为2.8%)。我们预计2026,年核心通胀率为2.6%,2027年升至2.9%。
  • 我们维持对美联储在12月和3月加息两次的判断。我们仍认为通胀压力更趋持久且劳动力市场趋紧的风险较高。

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摘要 全球 欧元区 中国 北欧摘要 丹麦 瑞典 挪威 芬兰目录分析师

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 10 早期Q3消费指标,如7月零售销售,已经显示出一些降温迹象。

我们认为,资本收入份额上升可能会使储蓄率持续保持在较低水平,因为消费越来越依赖资本收益而不仅仅是工资。我们预计消费增长将从2.0%(2026)放缓至1.4%(2027)。

劳动力供给下降仍然是消费和整体经济的主要逆风。失业率仍然较低,7月份降至4.1%,尽管7月份薪资增长转为负值,降幅达23,000。

净移民的急剧减少是导致就业增长盈亏平衡点放缓的主要因素。另一个因素是劳动力参与率的急剧下降,该比率已降至自COVID-19爆发以来的最低水平,而在那之前,则是自1977以来的最低点。参见RtM USD - 美国参与率下降的多种表现,18八月。

劳动力供给减少通过工资对通胀构成明显的上行风险。目前,私营部门工资增长近年来已逐步放缓,接近历史均值。但随着劳动力供给减少且国内需求仍然稳固,我们预计工资增长将在2026末至2027期间逐步上升。总体工资总额增长可能会维持近期每年4-5%的水平,但增长将越来越依赖于工资组成部分。

Private business investment made a strong contribution to growth in H1, not least due to AI-related investment in software and computer equipment. We expect growth in the AI segment to contribute solidly to growth for the rest of 2026 and in 2027. In the first half of 2026, investment in industrial equipment also picked up, while residential investment continued to decline due to elevated mortgage rates. We expect a tighter monetary policy stance to limit further growth in non-AI investments.

Both headline and core inflation remain above the Fed’s 2% target. We expect this to continue, with headline inflation at 3.2% y/y in 2026 and 2.5% in 2027. The economy will face broader price pressures driven by the tighter labour market and high investment growth. This puts growing pressure on the Fed to respond. Three members already voted in favour of higher rates at the July meeting. More FOMC members have signalled willingness to raise rates later if inflation proves sticky, which we think it will. On that note, we maintain our expectation from the last Nordic Outlook of two Fed rate hikes in December and March.

We maintain our call that policy tightening will support the broad USD and forecast EUR/USD to move lower towards 1.12 over a 12-month horizon. See FX Forecast Update - Temporary USD weakness, 21 August. USUS

The economy will face broader price

pressures, with inflation increasingly

driven by the tighter labour market

and high investment growth.”

Antti Ilvonen, Senior Analyst % %

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3.0

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Household savings rate Average 2005-2007 Average 2000-

% %

60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Labor Force Participation Rate

% %

3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50

3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50

4.13 4.22

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027

Fed Funds Rate: Danske Forecast Feds Funds Rate: Market Pricing Sources: Macrobond, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analyses (BEA), Danske Bank

Sources: Macrobond, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Savings rate around the lowest level since 2022

Steep decline in participation rate

Source: Macrobond, Federal Reserve, CBOT, Danske Bank We expect the Fed to hike rates in December and March

第 11 页

Summary Global Euro area US Nordic summary Denmark Sweden Norway FinlandContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 11 China

Consumer demand and housing still struggling China’s domestic economy remains stuck in a slump with a negative feed-back loop of falling home prices, high savings, weak employment and slow consumer spending. Until we see a moderate recovery in the housing market, we expect household confidence to remain low and private consumption growth weak. We do see signs that home sales are stabilizing and property prices decline at a slowing pace. Our baseline scenario is that we will see a stabilization in home prices in 2027 followed by moderate increases in 2028, which should drive a recovery in confidence and consumer spending. It implies, though that the consumer engine will be missing for some time still, in China’s painful transition towards an economy relying less on housing and more on innovation, high-tech manufacturing and consumer spending. We do expect some lift to growth in the second half of the year from a moderate lift to economic stimulus. Parentheses are the old projections (from June 2026) *End of period (7-day reverse repo rate) Source: Danske Bank, Macrobond GDP Growth

Inflation

Unemployment

Policy Rate* 5.1%

0.0%

5.1%

1.40% 2025

4.6% (4.8%)

0.8% (1.0%)

5.2% (5.2%)

1.20% (1.00%) Forecast 2026

4.7% (4.7%)

1.0% (1.3%)

5.2% (5.2%)

1.00% (0.80%) 2027

Tech boom amid consumer gloom

  • The divergence in China’s economy became even more pronounced over the past quarter as consumer demand weakened further while export growth reached new heights and tech keeps booming.
  • We expect this two-speed economy to continue for the rest of 2026 and into 2027.
  • 中国房地产市场危机是当前消费持续低迷的关键因素之一。我们看到房屋销售出现企稳迹象,预计房价将在2027趋于稳定。
  • 鉴于近几个月令人失望的消费数据,我们已将2026的GDP增长预测从4.8%下调至4.6%。我们维持对2027的4.7%预测不变。
  • 中国的科技热潮推动经济进入新的领域。中国对欧洲企业日益加剧的竞争压力将持续。欧盟与中国在贸易关系上正走向冲突。
  • 我们预计中国将在未来一年内保持“人民币升值政策”。
  • 美国和中国已同意“建设性战略稳定”,但过程中的波折仍在继续,长期竞争关系将持续存在。
  • 与中国相关的最大地缘政治风险是台湾紧张局势的升级。2028台湾选举将是一个关键考验。

第 12 页

摘要 全球 欧元区 美国 北欧摘要 丹麦 瑞典 挪威 芬兰目录 分析师

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 12 中国

出口与科技繁荣 尽管消费和房地产经济挣扎,中国的科技和出口却在蓬勃发展。夏季数月出口同比增长约 25%%,这得益于电动汽车、电动汽车电池、太阳能电池板和微芯片等产品的强劲出货。中国持续攀登科技阶梯,并已在许多新领域迈向前沿,尤其是在人工智能、机器人和制药方面。过去 20 年,在强大的制造业供应链、不断增长的人才基础、高度的工作努力以及政府支持下,中国发展出了强大的创新格局。

然而,另一面是巨大的工作压力,更多年轻人回避结婚和生育。这导致过去十年生育率急剧下降,仅为 1。因此,中国在未来几十年面临关键的人口挑战,包括人口大幅下降和社会老龄化。人工智能和机器人被视为解决方案的一部分,但同时也在实施更多支持生育家庭的措施。不过,这是否足以扭转低生育率,仍存疑虑。

欧盟与中国关系因中国竞争和贸易失衡加剧而承压。今年贸易紧张局势不断升级,欧盟贸易逆差持续扩大,而欧洲企业在更多领域——尤其是汽车行业——现在直接与中国企业展开竞争。中国的产能过剩和过度使用产业政策加剧了紧张局势,欧盟正在准备更多保护欧洲市场的措施。不过,中国也在反击,我们很可能看到中国对欧盟保护主义计划采取更多反制措施。其中一个热点问题是人民币,从贸易失衡的角度看,人民币似乎被低估了。过去一年,中国已开始实施人民币升值政策,我们预计这一趋势将在下一年持续。

美中关系更趋稳定但波折犹存。美国总统唐纳德·特朗普四月份访华达成了“建设性战略稳定”协议,2026 与动荡的 2025 相比,关系更为平静。虽然两国关系基础更趋稳固,但我们仍看到紧张局势偶尔爆发,长期竞争在可预见的未来将持续存在。

The greatest geopolitical risk related to China is the Taiwan issue, which continues to linger in the background. A Taiwanese election looming in 2028 will be key for the subsequent path on the question. If KMT, which is more China friendly, wins, it could calm down the issue. However, if the independence-seeking DPP wins the Presidency for the third time in a row, it could cause new tensions. We still see the bar being high for a Chinese invasion in this decade, though, as such a military operation is extremely difficult; a point we think is often overlooked by many observers. Source: Macrobond, NBS, Danske Bank The Chinese consumer recovery is still missing

Signs of stabilization in home sales after sharp decline

Chinese exports booming % y/y % y/y

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

0.6 10.2

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

China retail sales Pre-pandemic average ('14-'19)

Mn m2, 12ma Mn m2, 12ma

70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

79.6 million

2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

China home sales, seasonally adjusted

% y/y, 3ma % y/y, 3ma

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

23.3

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

China exports (nominal) Source: Macrobond, NBS, Danske Bank

Source: Macrobond, GAC

While the consumer and housing

economy is struggling, China’s tech

and exports are booming”

Allan von Mehren, Chief Analyst

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摘要 全球 欧元区 美国 中国 丹麦 瑞典 挪威 芬兰 内容 分析师

北欧银行 / Nordic Outlook 13 北欧摘要

北欧地区形势喜忧参半

丹麦 出口继续推动名义GDP高速增长,但内需仅温和增长。如果家庭降低高储蓄率,消费可能会增强。住房市场稳健且价格上升,亦支撑消费者信心,而通胀较低且预期仅温和上行。经常账户盈余预计将下降,尽管运费上调暂时推高盈余。

挪威 增长继续放缓,可能受利率上升影响。夏季通胀回落,降低了下行风险。劳动力市场依然紧张,但工资增长明显放缓。我们预计挪威央行将在9月再次加息,但通胀较低将为明年三次降息留出空间。克朗汇率主要受全球因素影响。

瑞典 瑞典经济接近正常水平,基本面稳健,劳动力市场显现改善迹象。由于全球供应中断、天气相关压力、大宗商品价格上涨以及克朗走弱,通胀风险上升,而临时性财政措施将在 2026 年压低CPIF。随着购买力改善,家庭信心增强。财政政策呈扩张性,而瑞典央行预计将在商业周期正常化过程中逐步加息。

芬兰 芬兰经济已进入适度增长阶段,主要受私人消费和出口部门推动。劳动力市场状况依然疲弱,尽管失业率已趋于稳定。尽管能源价格上涨和利率上升对购买力构成压力,但未来几年工资增长预计将超过通胀。房地产市场仍处于低迷状态,住宅建设至少在未来一年内仍将疲软。数据中心投资部分缓解了建筑行业因住房开工不足而受到的冲击。全球投资周期将继续成为芬兰制造业需求的关键驱动力。

第 14 页

Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Sweden Norway FinlandContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 14 Denmark

Parentheses are the old projections (from June 2026) *End of period Source: Danske Bank, Statistics Denmark, Nationalbanken GDP Growth

Inflation

Unemployment

Deposit rate* 3.5%

1.9%

2.9%

1.60% 2025

4.0% (3.7%)

1.5% (1.5%)

3.1% (3.1%)

2.10% (2.10%) Forecast 2026

3.0% (2.5%)

2.2% (2.4%)

3.5% (3.6%)

2.10% (1.60%) 2027

Normal economy with extreme GDP

  • GDP is growing strongly, but this does not say much about the reality for most businesses and consumers, who are only experiencing moderate growth.
  • We expect moderate consumption growth mainly driven by rising incomes, with the potential for more substantial growth if the high rate of savings is reduced.
  • The labour force is growing slightly faster than employment, resulting in a slight increase in unemployment.
  • House prices continue to rise, although development in the capital area has become more subdued and may be further affected by higher taxes.
  • 经常账户盈余正因药品价格下跌和武器进口增加而受到拖累,但运费上涨正在推高盈余。丹麦经济大部分领域保持温和增长,且近期有望实现略快增长。上半年(与去年同期相比),私人消费和公共消费均增长2.0%,尽管能源价格上涨在一定程度上抑制了春季的私人消费。就业正在缓慢增加,商业信心表明多数公司增长处于正常水平。从失业率、工资增长和劳动力短缺情况来看,劳动力市场既不过热也不过冷。我们认为,国内需求正朝着略增的方向发展,这既来自消费者、公共部门,也来自投资,尤其是住房投资。

若看最常用的关键指标,即经价格变动调整的GDP增长,温和增长并非其表象。尽管第二季度有所放缓,但上半年年度增长率为5.3%。三年间,丹麦GDP增长了12.3%。这得益于(尤其是)药品出口量的大幅增加,但出口售价却在不断降低。非常高的GDP

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摘要 全球 欧元区 美国 中国 北欧摘要 瑞典 挪威 芬兰目录

分析师

丹麦银行 / Nordic Outlook 15 增长并不能完全反映丹麦企业和消费者的实际状况。大量实际生产发生在丹麦境外,这也体现在制造业就业人数的增长并未与生产同步,实际上在过去一年中有所下降。随着出口价格下降,不断增长的出口量并未像以前那样为丹麦带来可观的实际收入增长。我们预计这一趋势在2027年将在很大程度上重演。

今年丹麦的增长得益于财政政策的宽松,形式包括减税、增加国防开支以及向家庭转移支付超过DKK4亿的食品补贴。到目前为止,公共消费和投资的增幅远低于计划水平,这也给未来的政策效果带来了相当大的不确定性。公共收入同样如此,多年来一直带来正向意外。此外,新政府正计划对增值税和税收进行重大调整,但目前尚不清楚这将在2027年具体意味着什么。我们已将公共财政继续出现盈余纳入考量,尽管盈余规模将小于往年。在我们看来,由于失业率较低且前景乐观,丹麦经济并不需要进一步的财政宽松。

就业和失业同时上升 近年来,就业人数每年增加近 1% 人,而劳动力增长略快,导致失业人数比一年前高出约 6,000 人。就业增长保持稳定,但制造业的下降(可能是由于诺和诺德的裁员)抵消了这一进展。其他行业和公共部门的增长弥补了这一缺口,公共部门在过去一年中约占就业增长的约三分之一。丹麦统计局修订了数据,因此不再显示过去三年就业相对于生产的强劲增长,这使我们不那么担心就业的突然下降。相反,我们的预测意味着就业将继续温和增长。

劳动力增长既是由于移民,也是由于劳动参与率上升,最近还因乌克兰人的涌入而得到额外推动。我们的预测基于劳动力回归更正常的增长,但这当然非常不确定,并可能朝两个方向出人意料。从 2027, 起,更多的社会救助接受者将被归类为可工作,因此将被计入登记失业人数。经济部预计这将使失业率增加 14,000 人,即劳动力的 0.5%,我们也将此纳入了我们的预测。因此,这并不反映失业的实际增加。

私营部门工资在第二季度同比上涨 3.6%,与我们的预测一致。集体协议表明,2026 和 2027, 的工资增长将略有放缓,我们已将此纳入预测。从原则上讲,能源价格上涨可能会在地方谈判中带来要求更大工资涨幅的压力,但实际工资仍在强劲增长,尤其是今年,我们并未在此基础上计入任何显著的工资漂移。从雇主的角度来看,更大的风险可能是丹麦经济回升将强于预期,导致失业率下降、工资涨幅加大,从而削弱竞争力。

物价压力正在非常缓慢地扩散。第一季度仅有几个月通胀明显较低,随后汽油和柴油价格开始上涨。政府未推出任何减税措施,因此价格仍比一年前高出约 20%。这推动通胀上升了约 0.4 个百分点。

The remainder of the increase from just under 1% at the start of the year to 1.7% inflation in July – and actually more than that – can be attributed to calculation techniques and does not reflect a real price increase. Holiday homes and campsites are always most expensive to rent in the summer, and this year has been no different. However, their weight in the consumer price index has increased very significantly this year, and this is pushing annual inflation up by 0.7 percentage point in July. As the price declines again, especially in September, this effect will gradually disappear from inflation towards the end of the year. Terms of trade-adjusted GDP is calculated by adjusting exports for the differences in the development of export and import prices. This provides an idea of what GDP growth actually means in terms of purchasing power. Source: Danske Bank, Statistics Denmark, Macrobond. GDP growth is worth less than before

DKKbn in 2020 prices per quarter DKKbn in 2020 prices per quarter

GDP

Terms of trade adjusted GDP

550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725

550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725

2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

The very high GDP growth does

not say much about the reality for

Danish businesses and consumers”

Las Olsen, Chief Economist Denmark

Index (2019=100) Index (2019=100)

90.0 92.5 95.0 97.5 100.0 102.5 105.0 107.5 110.0 112.5

90.0 92.5 95.0 97.5 100.0 102.5 105.0 107.5 110.0 112.5

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

Total Employment GVA excluding pharma Total Actual Hours Worked

Source: Statistics Denmark, Macrobond Production growing faster than employment

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Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 16 Source: Statistics Denmark, Macrobond, Danske Bank

Four-quarter moving average. Calculated based on net lending adjusted for the holiday allowance payout in 2020 and 2021. Source: Danske Bank, Statistics Denmark, Macrobond Consumption is still very low

% of disposable income % of disposable income

90.0 92.5 95.0 97.5 100.0 102.5 105.0 107.5 110.0 112.5 115.0

90.0 92.5 95.0 97.5 100.0 102.5 105.0 107.5 110.0 112.5 115.0

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Household spending % y/y % y/y

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028

Total inflation Core inflation Thus, there does not appear to have been any significant spillover effect from the higher oil prices to other goods and services yet, but a delayed effect can still be expected. Food prices, which probably matter more to people’s perception of inflation than the actual measured inflation, have slowed due to the price war in the spring, and food is now pulling inflation down rather than up.

We expect other goods to gradually become more expensive due to higher transport costs, though not to an extent that will significantly affect consumers’ purchasing power. We expect inflation to be higher next year, which also follows naturally when the electricity tax no longer pulls down the inflation.

私人消费仍然低迷。第二季度私人消费下降,主要受商品消费和汽车消费减少拖累,而服务消费略有增长。尽管第二季度有所下降,但 2026 上半年实际年增长率仍保持在 2.0%。汽车消费逐季波动较大,但从历史角度看仍处于高位,因此整体推高了私人消费。

因此,从表面上看,消费增长看起来相当不错。然而,实际收入也在稳步增长,而相对于家庭收入而言,整体消费水平仍然很低。因此,我们很可能仍然拥有接近创纪录高位的储蓄率。消费者信心按历史标准衡量仍处于非常低的水平,而且仍有充分理由相信,担忧情绪正在导致消费者推迟消费。丹麦银行每月信用卡交易数据也显示,家庭正在适应更高的能源价格,这有助于限制对其他消费的影响。这尤其体现在燃料方面,由于价格上涨,家庭减少了以数量衡量的燃料消费。此外,还应结合汽车销量高企的背景来看待这一问题,家庭新增汽车几乎全部为电动汽车。

Despite the prospect of higher interest rates and energy prices, we expect moderate consumption growth in the coming quarters. Real income gains give households more to spend, and the low consumption in the second quarter leaves room for a certain lift. For 2027, we have factored in a slight increase in households’ tendency to spend their income rather than save it. If there is a more marked improvement in consumer confidence, however, there is potential for significantly stronger consumption growth due to the very low starting point.

Housing market not quite as hot House prices have slowed slightly over the summer, but there is still good momentum. Nationwide, house prices have increased by just under 10% over the past year, and although Copenhagen and the surrounding area are the main drivers of the development, prices have increased significantly in all parts of the country – for example 9% on Funen. The number of transactions has also increased recently, and there is still decent interest in buying houses.

Technical factors push modest

inflation higher”

Bjørn Tangaa Sillemann, Chief Analyst Denmark

Source: Statistics Denmark, Macrobond Index (2020=100) Index (2020=100)

House price per square metre, Denmark

80 90 100 110 120 130 140

80 90 100 110 120 130 140

2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028

Nominal prices Real prices Continued high, but slightly declining, price increases Higher oil prices spread slowly

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Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 17 Source: Statistics Denmark, Macrobond

Source: Statistics Denmark, Macrobond Index (2015Q1 = 100) Index (2015Q1 = 100)

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170

2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026

Goods Services Total export

DKKbn DKKbn

Balance of payments

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Primary income Services Goods Secondary income Current account The apartment market in Copenhagen has cooled more. But this comes after a period of exceptionally strong momentum. There have been fewer transactions, and supply in the market has increased significantly this year. In the wake of this, there has also been a slowdown in price developments. The price of an owner- occupied apartment in the Capital Region has gone from rising by 1-2% per month to closer to ½% over the summer. Discounts have also increased significantly.

Looking ahead, most things suggest that prices can continue upwards at a decent pace. Real wage growth was almost 2% in the second quarter, and consumer sentiment is improving. However, a slowdown in the apartment market could affect price developments for houses in the capital and in surrounding municipalities, and new property valuations will mean that housing tax will increase in 2027 as a result of the significant price increases in recent years. We believe that the largest price increases are behind us.

出口增长正在蔓延。出口仍然是丹麦经济实际增长的绝对主要驱动力。今年上半年,以数量计算的商品出口与去年同期相比增长了略低于11%。然而,巨大的数量增长并不能充分说明价值创造及其对丹麦经济的影响。增长在很大程度上是由在国外生产和销售的商品所推动的,并且这是在出口价格进一步下降的背景下实现的。药品出口价格下降与石油进口价格上涨的双重因素,导致第二季度的商品贸易条件降至自2000以来的最低水平。这也反映在以克朗计算的商品贸易平衡上,其增长速度并未显示出出口增长可能暗示的那样快。

尽管药品一直是出口的主要驱动力,但今年上半年的生产数据显示,制造业的其他几个分支也已 gaining momentum。这包括机械和金属生产,这应被视为欧洲制造业在能源价格上涨的情况下仍然保持活力的背景。德国制造业公司的订单簿最近显著加厚,这可能也有助于在预测期内保持丹麦制造业公司的活动水平。此外,风力涡轮机的生产最近几个月似乎得到了不错的提升。

服务出口并未显示出同样巨大的增长率,但今年上半年与去年同期相比,仍增长了4½%。去年,服务出口中略低于一半的部分来自海运,这得益于全球贸易的稳健增长。中东地区的交通拥堵、运力短缺和高燃料价格近期推动运费显著走高。这也反映在A.P.穆勒-马士基对其2026财年预期的上调中,我们同样预计,在预测期内,更高的运费将体现在服务贸易收支的更大顺差中。诺和诺德也上调了其展望,目前预计收入降幅较春季时将有所收窄。这两大因素均指向经常账户顺差的扩大。

然而,这并未改变一个事实,即近年来丹麦境外商品销售顺差的急剧增长似乎正接近尾声。随着设备的交付,国防建设也将带来可观的进口。

利率预计将上调 在欧洲央行6月加息之后,我们预计其将进一步加息四分之一百分点,且一如既往,丹麦国家银行将随之进行相应加息。在过去三个季度中,有较长时期丹麦克朗兑欧元汇率比中心汇率疲软0.15-0.16%,这通常是丹麦国家银行能够接受的极限,而6月份丹麦国家银行购买了700百万丹麦克朗以支撑汇率。在此背景下,不能排除丹麦独立加息的可能性,幅度或许为0.1百分点。欧洲加息的预期已反映在丹麦的市场利率中,因此在一定程度上抑制了经济活动。

出口量强劲增长

高运费将支撑盈余 丹麦

谨慎的消费者有巨大的消费增长潜力”

Asger Wilhelm Dalsjö,分析师

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摘要 全球 欧元区 美国 中国 北欧摘要 丹麦 挪威 芬兰目录分析师

丹麦银行 / Nordic Outlook 18 瑞典

经济基本面稳健。在第二季度的强劲表现之后,瑞典经济的资源利用率现已接近正常水平。企业和家庭在动荡的外部环境中反复展现出适应性和韧性,目前他们再次做到了这一点。今年迄今为止,劳动力市场呈现出观望态势,裁员通知少、新空缺职位少、失业率保持不变。随着经济活动进一步获得动能,劳动力市场也有望改善。与此同时,劳动力队伍在未来几年预计仅会小幅增长,这意味着失业率下降所需的新增就业岗位将减少。

据我们评估,总体经济政策立场略偏扩张性。瑞典央行预计将通过两次加息开始货币政策正常化,将政策利率上调至2.25%,这将使政策利率达到瑞典央行估计的中性水平的中点。几周后,选民将进行投票。民意调查显示政府可能更迭,但鉴于各党在选举日前传达的立场,组建新政府可能需要时间。括号内为旧预测(来自六月2026)。资料来源:瑞典统计局、瑞典央行和丹麦银行。GDP,经日历调整。

通胀,CPIF

失业率

政策利率 1.6%

2.6%

8.8%

1.75% 2025

2.8% (2.1%)

1.4% (1.1%)

8.6% (8.5%)

2.00% (2.25%) 预测 2026

2.5% (2.4%)

2.7% (1.7%)

7.9% (7.8%)

2.25% (2.00%) 2027

瑞典:回归常态

  • 今年夏天瑞典经济表现超出预期,未来增长条件有利。资源利用率今年已在正常化,随着经济动能增强,劳动力市场也应有所改善。
  • 家庭购买力因工资增长加快和临时性减税而增强,这些因素正在抑制通胀。住房市场活动活跃,信贷增长回升,表明整体经济政策立场略显扩张性。
  • 选民将于9月前往投票,民调显示政府可能更迭,社会民主党将上台执政。政府组建可能需要时间,这表明临时性减税将在年底前逐步到期。
  • 通胀虽低,但意外上行。结合全球利率上升和能源价格上涨,预计将促使瑞典央行从今年秋季开始两次加息。

Page 19

摘要 全球 欧元区 美国 中国 北欧概要 丹麦 挪威 芬兰 目录 分析师

丹麦银行 / 北欧展望 19

企业和家庭已多次展现出在动荡的外部环境中的适应性和韧性,而且他们正在再次这样做。”

Susanne Spector,瑞典首席经济学家

中东战争后通胀走高 全球价格压力上升已开始影响瑞典的通胀。春季和夏季霍尔木兹海峡的大范围中断推高了许多重要中间产品的价格,预计这将在未来一段时间内推高商品价格。今年夏天的热浪和厄尔尼诺现象可能成为有记录以来最强的一次,进一步加剧了通胀风险。干旱影响农业产出,并通过减少水力发电推高能源价格,同时化肥需求旺盛。总体而言,食品价格上涨风险显著,而克朗的持续走弱进一步放大了这一风险。

然而,起点的条件是有利的,今年的食品通胀较低,去年的收成也不错。即便如此,风险仍偏向上行,我们评估认为,食品价格的影响将从今年第四季度开始显现。今年的收获季节不如去年,而俄罗斯与乌克兰之间的战争大幅减少了欧洲内部的贸易。高企的全球大宗商品价格也影响到更广泛的商品通胀,推高了家具和服装等商品的价格,而昂贵的人工智能开发则助推家用电子产品价格上涨,这一趋势预计将持续。

For parts of 2026, inflation outcomes will be clearly affected by temporary fiscal policy measures that make CPIF about 1.5 percentage points lower than it would otherwise have been. CPIF with constant taxes controls for most of these effects and provides a clearer picture of the price pressure and has therefore become increasingly relevant to the Riksbank. The temporary measures will be phased out gradually but will continue to affect inflation in the coming year.

What we are currently seeing globally, where several factors are contributing to higher prices, is no coincidence. Structural changes mean that the risk of recurring disruptions is increasing and, like ripples on water, these lead to higher prices. A more polarised world with greater geopolitical tensions and a higher risk of conflict increases the likelihood of supply disruptions and therefore upward price pressure. Firms’ pricing behaviour has changed, and they need to allow for more expensive intermediate goods. Wage levels in Sweden have also been clearly higher in recent years compared with the 2010s, while real wages are at the level seen in 2018.

A better assessment of the labour market in Sweden The labour market picture in Sweden is mixed, but overall, still marked by a wait-and-see stance. So far, 2026 has brought few job advertisements, few redundancy notices and unchanged unemployment in the Swedish Public Employment Service’s statistics. Source: Statistics Sweden, Macrobond and Danske Bank

Source: Statistics Sweden, Macrobond and Danske Bank The economic situation is normalizing

Clear tax effects on inflation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 % y/y % y/y

-2 -1 0 1

-2 -1 0 1

Jan May Sep Jan May Sep Jan May Sep Jan May 2023 2024 2025 2026

CPIF CPIF-CT Tax effects

% y/y % y/y

-75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

World, Commodity Indices, The Economist, SEK, adv. 9 months, lhs. CPI, Food & Non-Alcoholic Beverages, incl. forecast, rhs. SEK per quarter, billion % y/y

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

-7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

GDP level incl. forecast, lhs. y/y, rhs.

Source: The Economist, Statistics Sweden, Macrobond and Danske Bank Food prices are to rise later this year Sweden

第 20 页

Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Norway FinlandContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 20 standard deviation standard deviation

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

CPIF ex. energy (normalized)

N.B.: The blue area shows inflation indicators standardized to a mean of zero. The indicators are commodity indices, companies’ price plans, PMI, PPI, the Global Supply Chain Pressure Index and foreign inflation. Source: The Economist, Eurostat, Silf/Swedbank, SCB, NIER, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Macrobond and Danske Bank

Source: Statistics Sweden, Swedish Public Employment Service, Macrobond and Danske Bank Inflation risks are tilted to the upside

Unusually big difference between data sources

thousand thousand

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026

New Vacancies, Total (SPES) Job Openings, Whole Economy (SCB)

% of labour force % of labour force

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028

Unemployment (SPES) Unemployment (LFS), quarterly Unemployment (LFS), monthly

Source: Statistics Sweden, Swedish Public Employment Service, Macrobond and Danske Bank Unemployment remained unchanged in the first half of the year

As domestic demand strengthens,

employment should rise and

unemployment continue to fall.”

Susanne Spector, Chief Economist Sweden Sweden

然而,尚不清楚这些数据在多大程度上反映了实际需求。瑞典公共就业服务局的招聘广告数量处于历史低位,与瑞典统计局报告的职位空缺形成鲜明对比,这表明更多公司可能正在使用其他招聘渠道,这一趋势近年来似乎有所加速。

瑞典统计局的职位空缺数据表明需求更为正常,且高于2018的繁荣年份。各项职位空缺指标的匹配度也有所改善,劳动力囤积接近2018水平。然而,招聘计划仍远低于2010年代的平均水平,并预示未来几个季度就业增长将略低于1%的同比水平。人口增长放缓可能是一个原因。由于预计预测期内劳动年龄人口不会增加,即使是温和的就业增长也应能降低失业率。

夏季期间,劳动力市场出现了初步改善的迹象。登记失业率正在下降,劳动力调查显示就业广泛增长。月度数据波动较大,但这一结果对第二季度的疲弱数据提出了挑战。随着国内需求增强,就业应会增加,失业率将继续下降。其他指标也表明改善:既不工作也不学习或接受职业培训的非活跃年轻人比例已降至4.7%,这是有记录以来最低的NEET读数之一。

尽管通胀率低且投入品价格上涨,2026的工资增长仍有所上升。当明年春季谈判新的工资协议时,我们预计薪资涨幅将基本与今年持平,使工资年增长率保持在约3.5%。

家庭消费情绪谨慎乐观……近年来,家庭部门一直是焦点所在。尽管消费者信心依然低迷,但改善的迹象正变得更加明显。针对食品、燃料和公共交通的临时减税措施提升了家庭购买力。楼市活动活跃,消费上升,信贷增长势头增强,储蓄率则有所下降。

今年房价走势基本符合预期,我们仍预计房价在预测期内每年上涨约5%。风险因素相互平衡。更强劲的增长和更健康的家庭财务状况可能使房价涨幅超过预期,而瑞典央行即将到来的加息则可能抑制涨幅。不过,《经济趋势调查》中的家庭利率预期已显示出对加息的某种准备。

……今年秋天走向投票箱

在2026这个大选年,财政政策明显呈现扩张性。选民将于九月前往投票站,民调显示政府可能更迭。尽管如此,各方在关键问题上的广泛共识表明,财政政策的主要方向仍将保持不变,且

第 21 页

Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Norway FinlandContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 21 Source: HOX Valueguard, Macrobond and Danske Bank

Source: pollofpolls.se, Macrobond and Danske Bank

Source: Danske Bank Home prices are rising

Opinion polls point to a change of government

The Riksbank is pursuing relatively more expansionary policy 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Index, sa % m/m

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027

HOX Valueguard inkl. forecast, lhs. m/m, rhs.

% of votes % of votes

40.0 42.5 45.0 47.5 50.0 52.5 55.0 57.5 60.0

40.0 42.5 45.0 47.5 50.0 52.5 55.0 57.5 60.0

2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026

Government-supporting parties (Tidö Agreement) Opposition parties

% %

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Riksbank ECB Fed Norges Bank BoE

Range of nominal neutral rate Current End 2026 pricing End 2027 pricing

Voters go to the polls in September,

and opinion surveys point to a change

of government. Still, broad consensus

on key issues suggests the main

direction of fiscal policy will remain,

with continued investment in defence

and infrastructure.”

Susanne Spector, Chief Economist Sweden Sweden

continued investment in defence and infrastructure. As the opposition parties are divided on government formation, it may take time, which increases the likelihood that the temporary tax cuts on fuel and public transport will expire as announced this autumn and winter. Fiscal policy is expected to stay expansionary next year but with fewer unfunded reforms.

GDP缺口收窄 GDP目前已接近其长期趋势和潜在GDP。资源利用指标继续表明,部分领域仍存在闲置产能,但各领域和行业内部的发展情况异常不均。

这种喜忧参半的局面可能表明,近年来经济遭受的冲击意味着,传统的商业周期分析对整体经济状况的参考价值正在下降。我们也有理由怀疑,与疫情前几年相比,潜在GDP水平已经下降。家庭正面临新的利率环境,人口增长放缓正在影响住宅建设的前景等方面。

总体而言,我们预计GDP缺口将在秋季收窄,瑞典经济在预测期的大部分时间内将处于正常的周期性位置。

瑞典央行保持谨慎 尽管经税收效应调整后的通胀压力正在上升,且近期的月度数据显示通胀高企,但瑞典央行迄今仍持观望态度。这还是在欧洲央行6月加息且可能再次加息至2.5%的情况下。

如果欧洲央行加息,欧洲央行与瑞典央行之间的利差将为75 basis points,从历史标准来看,这一利差水平较大。市场也继续预期瑞典央行加息,如果没有实际加息,瑞典克朗将面临压力。与其他国家相比,瑞典央行也正在推行相对宽松的货币政策,这是基于各央行自己对中性政策利率r*的估计。

我们仍然认为,瑞典央行下一步行动将是在今年秋季加息,随后在今年冬季再次加息。随着商业周期正常化,政策利率也理应回归正常。短期内,风险偏向于下行,这意味着首次加息可能推迟。然而,更长远来看,风险则偏向于上行:如果首次加息被推迟,瑞典央行可能需要在稍后阶段实施更大幅度的加息。

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Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Sweden FinlandContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 22 Norway

Parentheses are the old projections (from June 2026) *End of period Source: Danske Bank, Statistics Norway, Norwegian Labour and Welfare Organization (NAV), Norges Bank GDP Growth

Inflation

Unemployment

Policy rate* 1.7%

3.0%

2.1%

4.00% 2025

1.0% (1.0%)

3.0% (3.1%)

2.3% (2.3%)

4.50% (4.50%) Forecast 2026

1.7% (1.5%)

2.3% (2.1%)

2.4% (2.4%)

3.75% (3.50%) 2027

Growth in the Norwegian economy continues to slow, partly as a result of a tighter monetary policy and partly due to geopolitical uncertainty. This uncertainty remains high, and the analyses in this report are based on the assumption that energy prices will fall in line with future oil and gas prices at the time of publication.

Mainland GDP rose by 0.3% in Q2, which was fully in line with the assumptions from our previous report. The details were perhaps a bit on the downside, as both private consumption and business investment disappointed, while public demand and mainland exports surprised positively. Hence it appears that rate-sensitive sectors are being hit, while “exogenous factors” are keeping the economy afloat. The only exception was housing investment, which was slightly higher than expected. Also note that produc- tivity growth slowed from 0.5% to 0.2% y/y, which is both a short- term problem because it implies that unit labour cost growth is increasing (inflationary), and a long-term problem because it indicates that trend growth is slowing.

Weaker growth

  • Rates are biting
  • Slightly higher unemployent
  • Inflation lower over the summer
  • Norges Bank close or at peak
  • The exhange rate moves alongside energy prices

第 23 页

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 23 Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Sweden FinlandContentsAnalysts

Sources: Macrobond and Danske Bank

Sources: Macrobond and Danske Bank Growth will pick up next year

Public demand supports growth

% y/y % y/y

-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

23 24 25 26

Mainland-GDP Mainland-GDP excl. public demand

number number

25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 55000

25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 55000

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

New vacancies % y/y % y/y

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027

Mainland-GDP, incl. DB's forecast

Sources: Macrobond and Danske Bank Number of vacancies coming down

Mild stagflation’’

Frank Jullum, Chief Economist Norway Norway

In terms of leading indicators, the monthly member survey from the Norwegian Confederation of Employers (NHO) has become the most important contributor. Members’ assessment of the market situation has improved over the summer in line with the de-esca- lation of the conflict in the Middle East, but we have not received new figures after the latest rise in energy prices. The net figure (good minus bad) has risen from -5 in May to 0 in August, the highest level since January but still points to moderate growth. The market outlook for the next six months has also risen some- what but is still at -10, indicating a further slowdown in growth.

我们仍不确定利率前景的变化将如何影响对利率敏感的经济部门,如上所述,这些部门在Q2季度的表现令人失望。实际工资增长放缓和利率上升将抑制私人消费增长,而利率上升似乎也抑制了新屋销售,因此住房投资可能保持低迷。此外,今年迄今为止,企业投资的表现弱于预期,这可能是由于利率(必要回报率)上升的影响,但当然也可能是由于前景更加不确定以及若干行业在国内外政策框架方面存在不确定性。公共行政下的基础设施项目以及能源部门和数据存储领域投资的增加,使得建筑业部分领域活动持续强劲,这在一定程度上使上述情况变得更加复杂。

自上次报告以来,全球经济明显出现好转,这或许可以解释Q2季度大陆出口增长的复苏。能源价格和利率上升意味着全球金融环境正在收紧,因此我们不确定这种好转的持续性如何。另一方面,人工智能领域的投资周期没有显示出放缓迹象,这使得增长和通胀都保持在高位。

自上次报告以来,我们未对2026和2027的石油投资预测做出任何调整,部分原因是能源价格的大幅波动表明前景的不确定性,另一部分原因在于石油公司的盈亏平衡价格本就远低于未来石油和天然气的价格。Q2的投资调查也仅有小幅变化。然而,我们看到全球能源和安全形势正在改变对长期前景(指向2040)的态度。

我们维持今年1.0%的增长预测不变,但将明年的预测从1.5%上调至1.7%。尽管如此,随着夏季通胀放缓,进一步加息的风险已经降低。如果这确实意味着通胀趋势放缓,而不仅仅是随机的月度波动,那么利率走势可能比我们目前假设的更为有利。在这种情况下,经济增长从年底到2027可能比我们预期的更为强劲。

劳动力市场略显疲软

夏季劳动力市场看似有所走弱。NAV的失业率在7月再次攀升至2.1%。今年迄今为止,总失业人数每月都在增加,且增幅似乎在加快。Q2,就业增长有所回升,但这归因于生产率增长放缓,如果我们的增长预测正确,这不太可能预示着积极的转变。失业率保持低位的原因在于劳动力增长

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Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Sweden FinlandContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 24 Sources: Macrobond and Danske Bank

Sources: Macrobond and Danske Bank Surprising drop in inflation

Wage growth is slowing

% y/y % y/y

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

Wage growth

EURNOK USD/barrel (rev.)

10.7 10.8 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 60

70

80

90

100

110

120 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug 2026

EURNOK, vs. Oil price, hs. % y/y % y/y

2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

2023 2024 2025 2026

Core inflation

Sources: Macrobond and Danske Bank The NOK has been driven by energy prices

Norges Bank determined

to fight inflation”

Frank Jullum, Chief Economist Norway Norway

supply has also slowed. The number of new vacancies registered by NAV has also fallen over the past three months after rising before the summer. In addition, the regional survey showed that fewer and fewer companies reports labour shortage, and the share fell from 21% to 18% in Q2, the lowest since the pandemic. The service sector in particular contributed to this. The expec- tations survey from Norges Bank for Q3 showed that CEOs now expect lower employment growth going forward.

我们维持了对2.3%年登记失业率2026和2027年2.4%的预测。夏季劳动力市场出现的一些疲软迹象增加了失业率上升幅度超过我们预期的风险,但另一方面,利率的上行风险已有所降低,这也将减少经济面临的下行风险。

通胀意外下降

6月和7月通胀降幅超出预期,核心通胀率为2.7%,为2024年10月以来最低。特别是食品和电子产品价格拉低了6月和7月的价格涨幅,但家具、酒店/餐厅和保险等多项商品和服务也拖累了通胀。

食品通胀的下降是我们长期以来一直预期的,因为全球大宗商品价格下跌、汇率走强,且农业结算结果不如去年有利。因此,我们认为这些价格未来还有进一步下行空间,尽管月度间可能会有一些波动。电子商品(包括ICT设备)的价格更难预测。首先,它们月度间波动很大,而且由于全球对存储芯片等的强劲需求,价格呈上升趋势。租金再次低于预期,尽管去年年底至2年第一季度市场租金强劲增长。CPI的传导通常存在一些延迟,因此我们认为年内租金存在一定的上行风险。通胀数据中最引人注目的可能是没有迹象表明能源价格上涨会产生第二轮效应。

挪威银行(Norges Bank)的预期调查显示,受访者(经济学家和劳工组织)对未来12个月的通货膨胀预期从3.3%下降至3.0%,2.9%至2.7%至2年的预期也有所下降。另一方面,首席执行官们的价格预期有所上升,而根据挪威银行的说法,正是这一群体的预期对实际通货膨胀的影响最为显著。此外,如今所有受访群体对2026和2027年的工资预期均低于挪威银行在6月份货币政策报告中的预测。总体而言,预期调查表明工资和价格预期略有下降趋势。

我们已将今年核心通货膨胀的预估从3.2%下调至3.0%,而明年的核心通货膨胀预估仍维持于2.4%。工资谈判如预期结束,中央层面的加薪幅度预计将使2026年的工资增长(包括结转效应)达到4.4%,并且当年预计会有工资滑落现象。近年来我们看到的一个趋势是,最终

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Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Sweden FinlandContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 25 Sources: Macrobond and Danske Bank Market expectations well above Norges Bank

% %

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029

Norges Bank's rate path, MPR 2/26 Market pricing Norway

wage growth to be somewhat higher than what the central set- tlements have indicated, which is primarily due to the wage drift being higher than assumed. A continued tight labour market is pulling in the direction of higher wage drift this year as well, while somewhat lower profitability in the business sector is pulling in the opposite direction. In particular, we see that the wage share in the manufacturing sector, which sets the framework for the central negotiations, is now closer to the historical average, which may mean that the period of extraordinarily high wage growth is behind us. In addition, overall productivity growth has slowed further, which also limits the possibility of high wage growth in the future.

Q2的实际工资数据也显示,持续的工资增长同比放缓至3.9%,即明显低于工资结算框架所显示的水平。这可能是因为工资漂移低于预期,和/或集体谈判区域之外的工资增长低于区域内的增长。但也可能是由于应计效应,即工资协议中较往常更大的一部分在Q3支付,而非Q2。我们维持今年工资增长的估计为4.4%,但目前认为下行风险明显。对于明年,我们仍预计工资增长3.7%,这得益于更高的失业率、更低的价格增长以及更低的生产率增长。

汇率由能源价格决定 自上次报告以来,进口加权汇率波动较大,但目前几乎回到夏季休假前的水平。挪威克朗波动的最重要原因当然是波动较大的石油和天然气价格,而相对于贸易伙伴的较低利率差则推动克朗走弱,而美元走弱则推动克朗走强。

如前所述,本报告假设在预测期内油价和天然气价格将大致随期货价格下降。自然可以假设,这将导致汇率在整个年度及至明年普遍走弱。此外,我们认为,收紧的货币政策将导致增长放缓、失业率上升。在经济疲软时通过提高利率来抑制通胀,不太可能对汇率产生持久的正面影响。此外,经济面临成本挑战,因为工资增长显著高于生产率增长,这使得在挪威的生产成本更高,并对克朗构成下行压力。除非包括能源价格在内的出口价格保持高位,否则这将削弱克朗。

我们关于汇率走弱的观点面临多项风险因素。能源价格可能持续高企,经济可能比我们预期更能承受高利率,美元可能走弱。全球资本市场也可能发生了结构性转变,能源投资者正在中东以外的地区寻找机会。在这种情况下,我们可能会看到流入挪威的资本增加,正如我们在 2001-14, 年间看到的那样,这将有助于将汇率维持在当前水平,甚至走高。

挪威央行存疑 挪威央行在5月和8月的货币政策委员会会议上均将政策利率维持在4.25%不变,但关于未来利率走向的信号已明显不再那么激进。6月份,利率委员会曾表示可能有必要在接下来的某次会议上加息,并暗示预计还会加息1-2次,但8月份的基调转变为可能有必要进一步上调政策利率。这一转变当然与6月和7月通胀显著低于预期有关。然而,由于尚不确定这是否只是月度波动,还是表明趋势性通胀正在走低,挪威央行选择维持可能收紧政策的信号。

因此,8月份的通胀数据很可能将决定挪威央行是否会在9月份的会议上加息。我们认为,8月份核心通胀率将升至3.1%,且风险偏向上行。在这种情况下,通胀率将略低于挪威央行3.3%的预期,因此我们认为他们将在9月份加息25 bp个基点至4.5%%,但会暗示峰值已至。同时,我们认为,能源价格逐步走低以及挪威经济产能增长放缓将有助于抑制通胀,使挪威央行能够在明年降息三次,并在2028,年降息两次,从而在2028年底将政策利率稳定在3.25%。

然而,我们强调存在很大的不确定性,而且他们在九月份是否加息仍是一个悬而未决的问题。如果通胀低于我们的预期,或者其他因素(如地区调查中的增长前景)明显弱于预期,挪威央行可能会在九月份同样维持政策利率不变。在这种情况下,他们将满足于明年两次降息。

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Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Sweden NorwayContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 26 Finland

Figures in parentheses are the old projections (from June 2026) *End of period Source: Danske Bank, Statistics Finland, ECB GDP Growth

Inflation

Unemployment

Deposit rate* 0.8%

0.3%

9.7%

2.00% 2025

1.8% (1.1%)

2.0% (1.9%)

10.5% (10.5%)

2.50% (2.50%) Forecast 2026

1.4% (0.8%)

2.1% (1.8%)

9.9% (10.1%)

2.50% (2.00%) 2027

The Finnish economy has grown at a strong pace during the first half of the year. Gross domestic product grew by 0.8% in the first and by 0.4% in the second quarter compared with the previous quarter. The growth pace has been faster than we expected, and we are significantly raising our growth forecast for this year and next year. There are two main reasons for the growth surprise: the impact of the Iran war on Finland’s economic growth has been smaller than anticipated, and private consumption has increased.

We maintain our view that the rise in energy prices and interest rates caused by the Iran war will moderate the pace of economic growth during the rest of this year and next year. Our expectations for energy price development are based on futures market pricing. Escalation in the Middle East could raise energy prices and slow economic growth both globally and in Finland. Private consumption, in turn, still has significant growth potential. We expect only a moderate recovery in the labour market during the forecast period, but if employment develops better than

The Finnish economy delivered

a growth surprise

  • 芬兰今年上半年的经济增长显著快于预期。1月至6月经济同比增长1.4%。我们将2026的GDP增长预测上调至1.8%[+1.1%],并将2027的预测上调至1.4%[+0.8%]。
  • 今年年初,私人消费恢复增长,得益于工薪阶层购买力的提高和储蓄率的下降。
  • 能源价格和利率的上涨正在加速通货膨胀。通胀将在今年年底前后达到峰值3.8%,但2026和2027的平均通胀率将保持在2%左右。
  • 芬兰企业部门的增长基础广泛。除服务业外,所有主要行业的商业信心指标均高于长期平均水平。芬兰出口行业受益于全球投资周期,今年上半年出口行业的订单簿表现强劲。
  • 劳动力市场尚未跟上经济好转的步伐,失业率仍处于非常高的水平。我们预计失业率将在今年最后一个季度开始适度下降。
  • 房价下跌势头有所缓和,但今年上半年交易量再次开始下滑。我们预计明年住房市场将温和复苏,但在预测期内,我们没有看到住宅建设复苏的迹象。

第 27 页

摘要 全球 欧元区 美国 中国 北欧摘要 丹麦 瑞典 挪威目录分析师

丹斯克银行 / 北欧展望 27 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 %, 季环比 %, 同比

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027

GDP增长,季度 GDP增长,季度,丹斯克银行预测 GDP增长,年度,丹斯克银行预测 预期,私人消费增速也可能快于我们的预测。总体来看,我们认为预测的上行和下行风险是平衡的。

尽管存在不确定性,私人消费仍在增长 尽管就业疲软和能源价格上涨,今年上半年私人消费仍恢复增长。家庭消费增长主要来自服务消费。需求增加尤其受到工薪阶层平均收入提高的支撑,但也得益于年初生效的所得税减免。我们预计,尽管存在价格压力,明年工薪阶层的购买力将进一步增强。此外,储蓄率下降意味着消费倾向有所回升。

与此同时,社会保障削减和指数冻结反映在最低收入群体购买力减弱上。按收入四分位数划分的消费者信心指标显示,最低收入四分位消费者与其他收入群体之间的差距已扩大至历史高位。

夏季期间,所有消费者对自身经济前景和芬兰经济前景的信心均有所增强。展望未来,就业发展将成为私人消费尤为重要的驱动因素。收入的增长将在今年和明年继续推动工资总额上升。如果就业增长超出预期,工资总额的增长也将进一步加快,找到工作的消费者可能会增加消费。更高的就业水平还可能增强家庭信心,并鼓励更大规模的购买决策,例如购房或购车。

劳动力市场正在缓慢复苏

经济好转尚未传导至劳动力市场。夏季失业率趋势维持在10.5%,就业率已下降至75.2%。职位空缺也一直处于非常低的水平。分行业看,建筑业有所改善,受数据中心繁荣提振,其职位空缺已升至2024水平。

传统上,劳动力市场周期滞后于生产周期约一年。企业在做出招聘决定之前,会等待需求增长企稳的迹象。在此之前,企业通过召回暂时休假员工或使用临时中介用工来补充劳动力。事实上,今年上半年暂时休假员工人数有所下降,我们预计这预示着今年剩余时间内劳动力市场将出现积极转折。然而,我们预测失业率仅会温和改善,预计2027年平均失业率仍将为9.9%。

来源:Macrobond、芬兰统计局、丹麦银行

来源:Macrobond、芬兰统计局

增长将在明年逐步放缓

A recovery in employment would boost private consumption significantly

-10 -8 -5 -3 0 3 5 8 10

-10.0 -7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 y/y % y/y %

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026

Employment rate, trend, 15-64 -year old Private expenditure, calendar adjusted

-2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0

-2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 Percent since 2020, SA Percent since 2020, SA

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

Change in number of employed Change in average earnings Change in hours worked

Source: Macrobond, Statistics Finland Growth in hours worked and employment would further support growth in the wage sum

The turnaround in private

consumption growth is explained by

the strengthening of wage earners’

purchasing power, and the turnaround

could gain significant momentum as

employment improves.”

Kaisa Kivipelto, Private Economist Finland

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Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Sweden NorwayContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 28 12500 15000 17500 20000 22500 25000 27500

6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 Persons %

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

Furloughed at the end of the month, SA, lhs. Unemployment rate, Aged 15-74, trend, rhs.

-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

0 6 19

5 Difference between the indicator level and its long term average, index

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026

Construction Confidence Indicator Manufacturing Confidence Indicator Retail Trade Confidence Indicator Services Confidence Indicator -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 Balance, SA, 3m MA Balance, SA, 3m MA

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Consumer Confidence, Mean of 2nd, 3rd and 4th Income Quartiles Consumer Confidence, 1st Income Quartile Growth is broad-based across the private sector Companies in Finland have broadly benefited from economic growth. Business confidence indicators were at or above their long-term averages in every in July. Growth in private consumption is visible in retail, where sales volumes grew by 3.3% in January-June compared with a year earlier.

工业周期尤其受到全球投资周期的驱动。对数据中心、国防工业和能源基础设施的投资正在刺激资本品的需求,芬兰出口工业的周期自2024以来稳步改善。明年的前景也同样乐观。今年上半年,新工业订单增长,尤其受到金属行业强劲势头的推动。夏季,金属行业新订单的三个月移动均值超过了2022的峰值水平。

建筑行业的发展呈现出两面性。住宅建设的新建筑许可数量仍处于非常低的水平,这表明在整个预测期内,住宅建设将保持低迷。然而,住宅建设的疲软状况正被数据中心建设所抵消。按立方米计算,今年上半年交通和通信技术的建筑许可已明显超过住宅建筑许可,目前占新建筑许可的四分之一。

尽管住宅建设疲软,但自2025以来,私人投资一直明显增长。而芬兰的公共投资在今年的第一季度大幅上升,当时芬兰统计局开始将F-35战斗机采购计入国民账户。我们的理解是,该采购最终将被记录为进口和公共投资,在这种情况下,其对国内生产总值的影响将合计为零。

在预测期内,出口和进口将实现明显增长。工业周期的改善和私人消费的回暖正在促进芬兰的对外贸易。今年上半年,芬兰出口同比去年增长了6.4%,尽管这一数字因6月份一艘游轮的一次性交付而有所夸大。我们预计,工业订单量的强劲增长预示着在整个预测期内出口将持续增长。

经济周期的好转也将带动进口增加,因为家庭消费增长中的一部分将流向进口产品。此外,与数据中心建设相关的进口,如微芯片,也明显增长。我们预测,净出口对增长的贡献在今年剩余时间和整个2027中将保持适度正面。 来源:Macrobond,欧盟委员会(DG ECFIN)

来源:Macrobond,芬兰统计局 最低收入四分位消费者信心处于历史低位,相比高收入群体更低

随着夏季失业率稳定,临时裁员人数继续下降

来源:Macrobond,芬兰工业联合会 商业信心在各行业持续改善 芬兰

芬兰企业在各行业中都在

增长。制造业的

订单量使我们有理由相信

增长将持续。

Olavi Kaskisaari,经济学家

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Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 29 Source: Macrobond, Statistics Finland

Source: Macrobond, Statistics Finland

Source: Macrobond, Statistics Finland Finnish net exports have been positive for two years

Investments grow outside of the construction sector

Housing prices move sideways in 2026 as transactions slump again 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Per quarter, EUR, billion Per quarter, EUR, billion

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Import of goods and services, fixed prices, SA, lhs. Export of goods and services, fixed prices, SA, lhs. Net export of goods and services, fixed prices, SA, rhs.

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

123

77 Index, Q4 2019 = 100 Index, Q4 2019 = 100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

All other private investment, fixed prices, SA Construction investment, fixed prices, SA

95.0 97.5 100.0 102.5 105.0 107.5 110.0 112.5 115.0 117.5

4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 Index, 2025=100 Number of sales

2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

Real Estate Prices, Old dwellings, lhs. Real Estate Transactions, Number of Sales, 6m MA, SA, rhs. Housing market indicators have recovered from the spring dip The weak tone in the housing market continues. Housing transactions and new housing loans recovered in late 2025, but uncertainty caused by the Iran war and higher interest rates have delayed the housing market turnaround. The number of housing transactions has been declining during the current year.

然而,伊朗战争对芬兰人购房意愿的影响似乎是暂时的。在消费者信心调查中,家庭在未来一年内购房和申请贷款的意愿在春季下滑后,已于8月回升至接近2025的平均水平。现有住宅价格仍略低于年初时的水平,但下跌速度似乎正在放缓。

结合消费者信心的改善,我们认为这是房地产市场走向复苏的谨慎信号。即便如此,我们对房价走势的预测仍持谨慎态度。我们估计,今年房价平均水平将比去年低2.7%,明年将上涨1.3%。

通胀加速,受利率和能源价格上涨推动 住房交易的复苏也受到利率上升的阻碍。夏季期间,欧元银行间同业拆借利率(Euribor)上涨了约0.2个百分点,撰写本文时12个月期Euribor为3%。货币市场定价预示欧洲央行将再加息两次,但我们的预测更为温和。我们预计欧洲央行将在9月进行最后一次加息,将政策利率提高至2.5%,并在此水平维持至明年。因此,我们预计12个月期Euribor的涨幅将在今年余下时间内趋于平稳,并最终稳定在略低于3%的水平。

利率上升增加了芬兰住房贷款的利息支出。加上能源价格上涨,这将在预测期内温和加速芬兰的通胀。另一方面,房价和租金的温和走势将产生相反效果。

实际通胀到目前为止与我们之前的预测非常接近,因此我们仅小幅上调预测。我们现在预计消费者价格在今年内上涨2.0%,在2027期间上涨2.1%。与此同时,我们预计工薪阶层的收入今年增长3.6%,在2027,增长3.3%,明显高于通胀率。

经济增长不会阻止债务比率的上升 更强劲的经济增长将不足以缓解芬兰公共财政的状况。政府2027年的预算提案显示赤字为EUR 12.4十亿。在我们的预测中,我们假设政府的预算提案将基本得到实施。除了现有赤字外,由于人口老龄化和国防投资相关成本,公共支出在未来几年将面临上行压力。

根据财政部的评估,即将上任的政府将需要约EUR 8-11十亿的净调整,以稳定芬兰的债务比率。快于预期的经济增长将使稳定芬兰债务比率变得更容易,但不会消除调整的必要性。我们预计芬兰公共部门债务比率明年将升至91.0%。芬兰

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Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Sweden Norway FinlandContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 30 Macro forecasts - Denmark

*End of period, ** Annual average, thousand Source: Danske Bank, Statistics Denmark, Nationalbanken, Confederation of Danish Employers (Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening), Boligsiden National Accounts

Private consumption

Government consumption

Gross fixed investment

  • Business investment
  • Housing investment
  • Government investment

Growth contribution from inventories

Exports

  • Goods exports
  • Service exports

Imports

  • Goods imports
  • Service imports

GDP

Economic indicators

Current account, DKK bn

  • Share of GDP

General government balance, DKK bn

  • Share of GDP

General government debt, DKK bn

  • Share of GDP

Employment**

Gross unemployment**

  • Share of total work force

House prices, y/y

Private sector wage level, y/y

Consumer prices, y/y

Financial figures

Lending Rate*

Certificates of deposit Rate* DKK bn (Current prices)

1297.4

717.0

716.0

492.9

118.9

104.2

2158.2

1287.7

870.5

1820.3

988.4

832.0

3118.5 2025

y/y

2.2%

2.1%

-3.8%

-5.6%

-6.3%

9.6%

-0.2%

3.5%

6.3%

-0.3%

-1.2%

2.2%

-5.0%

3.5%

390.6

12.5%

88.5

2.8%

848.6

27.2%

3244.9

87.7

2.9%

6.0%

3.8%

1.9%

1.75%

1.60% 2025

y/y

1.9%

1.0%

-1.1%

-1.0%

-6.0%

4.4%

0.8%

6.5%

8.6%

3.5%

1.8%

1.5%

2.3%

4.0%

365.0

11.4%

40.0

1.3%

830.0

26.0%

3274.7

93.9

3.1%

8.5%

3.5%

1.5%

2.25%

2.10% Forecast 2026

y/y

2.1%

4.0%

2.9%

1.1%

4.3%

9.5%

0.0%

4.2%

5.2%

2.6%

3.4%

3.7%

3.1%

3.0%

360.0

10.9%

10.0

0.3%

860.0

25.9%

3302.7

109.6

3.5%

4.5%

3.3%

2.2%

2.25%

2.10% 2027

Forecast tables

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Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Sweden Norway FinlandContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 31 Macro forecasts - Sweden

*End of period. Source: Statistics Sweden, The Swedish National Mediation Office, The National Institute of Economic Research, Riksbanken, Valueguard, Macrobond, and Danske Bank. National Accounts

Private consumption

Government consumption

Gross fixed investment

Excl. residential investments

Residential investments

Growth contribution from inventories

Exports

Exports of goods

Exports of services

Imports

Contribution from net exports

Domestic demand

Aggregate demand

GDP

GDP, calendar adjusted

Economic indicators

Employment (LFS)

Unemployment (LFS), % of labour force

Wages (NMO)

Home prices (HOX)

Inflation, y/y

CPIF

CPIF excl. energy

CPI

Public debt ratio, % of GDP

Financial figures

Riksbank policy rate* SEK bn (Current prices)

3057.6

1735.3

1656.8

1450.9

205.9

3519.0

2310.4

1208.7

3342.5

176.5

6475.6

9977.7

6657.2 2025

y/y

2.1%

1.6%

2.1%

2.8%

-2.5%

0.3%

4.1%

3.4%

5.6%

5.0%

-0.3%

2.2%

2.9%

1.4%

1.6%

0.4%

8.8%

3.6%

1.1%

2.6%

2.8%

0.7%

34.6%

1.75% 2025

y/y

2.7%

1.3%

4.0%

4.3%

2.2%

-0.2%

4.3%

2.4%

7.9%

3.7%

0.4%

2.5%

3.1%

3.0%

2.8%

0.7%

8.6%

3.5%

3.9%

1.4%

0.9%

0.8%

36.2%

2.00% Forecast 2026

y/y

2.9%

1.4%

2.6%

2.4%

4.1%

0.0%

3.3%

2.9%

4.0%

3.2%

0.1%

2.4%

2.7%

2.7%

2.5%

1.2%

7.9%

3.5%

5.1%

2.7%

2.6%

3.2%

37.5%

2.25% 2027

Forecast tables

第 32 页

Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Sweden Norway FinlandContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 32 Macro forecasts - Norway

*End of period Source: Danske Bank, Statistics Norway, Real estate Norway, Norwegian Labour and Welfare Organization (NAV), Norges Bank National Accounts

Private consumption

Government consumption

Gross fixed investment

Petroleum activities

Mainland Norway

Dwellings

Enterprises

General government

Exports

Traditional goods

Imports

Traditional goods

GDP

GDP Mainland Norway

Economic indicators

Employment, y/y

Unemployment rate (NAV)

Annual wages, y/y

Core inflation, y/y

Consumer prices, y/y

House prices, y/y

Financial figures

Leading policy rate NOK bn (Current prices)

2340.6

1255.0

1284.4

281.4

1000.2

208.7

504.9

286.5

2511.8

721.9

1861.4

1082.4

5511.3

4397.7 2025

y/y

2.6%

2.4%

0.8%

7.2%

-0.2%

-3.6%

2.7%

-2.5%

2.7%

6.1%

2.6%

3.3%

1.1%

1.7%

0.7%

2.1%

4.7%

3.1%

3.0%

5.9%

4.00% 2025

y/y

1.0%

2.3%

1.5%

-2.0%

3.0%

1.2%

2.5%

-1.5%

1.5%

3.0%

1.4%

2.3%

0.9%

1.0%

0.6%

2.3%

4.4%

3.0%

3.0%

3.3%

4.50% Forecast 2026

y/y

3.0%

1.8%

1.5%

-3.0%

3.5%

5.5%

4.0%

4.6%

2.0%

3.7%

1.8%

2.0%

1.0%

1.7%

0.6%

2.4%

3.7%

2.4%

2.3%

6.0%

3.75% 2027

Forecast tables

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Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Sweden Norway FinlandContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 33 Macro forecasts - Finland

*End of period, **Percent of GDP Source: Danske Bank, Statistics Finland, ECB National Accounts

GDP

Imports

Exports

Consumption

  • Private
  • Public

Gross fixed investment

Economic Indicators

Unemployment rate

Earnings, y/y

Inflation, y/y

Housing prices, y/y

Public budget balance**

Public debt**

Financial Figures

ECB deposit rate* EUR bn (Current prices)

281.7

116.3

120.7

214.9

142.2

72.7

61.7 2025

y/y

0.8%

2.6%

5.0%

-0.7%

-1.1%

0.1%

1.4%

9.7%

2.8%

0.3%

-2.5%

-3.9%

88.5%

2.00% 2025

y/y

1.8%

6.5%

7.2%

1.2%

1.7%

0.1%

2.1%

10.5%

3.6%

2.0%

-2.7%

-4.4%

89.6%

2.50% Forecast 2026

y/y

1.4%

1.3%

3.1%

0.5%

1.0%

-0.5%

0.1%

9.9%

3.3%

2.1%

1.3%

-4.6%

91.0%

2.50% 2027

Forecast tables

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Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Sweden Norway FinlandContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 34 Macro Forecasts - Euro area

*End of period Source: Danske Bank, Eurostat, ECB GDP, q/q

Unemployment rate

HICP, y/y

Core HICP, y/y

ECB deposit rate* 0.0%

6.4%

2.0%

2.3%

2.00% 2026 Q1

0.4%

6.4%

3.0%

2.4%

2.25% Q2

0.2%

6.4%

3.2%

2.4%

2.50% Q3

0.4%

6.4%

3.6%

2.5%

2.50% Q4

0.3%

6.5%

3.3%

2.5%

2.50% 2027 Q1

0.3%

6.4%

2.6%

2.4%

2.50% Q2

0.4%

6.4%

2.2%

2.3%

2.50% Q3

0.4%

6.4%

1.9%

2.2%

2.50% Q4

Macro Forecasts - United States

*End of period Source: Danske Bank, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Fed GDP, q/q

Unemployment rate

CPI, y/y

Core CPI, y/y

Fed Funds target rate* 0.5%

4.3%

2.7%

2.5%

3.75% 2026 Q1

0.4%

4.3%

3.8%

2.7%

3.75% Q2

0.6%

4.2%

3.2%

2.4%

3.75% Q3

0.4%

4.3%

3.2%

2.7%

4.00% Q4

0.4%

4.3%

2.9%

2.7%

4.25% 2027 Q1

0.4%

4.2%

2.3%

2.8%

4.25% Q2

0.4%

4.2%

2.5%

3.0%

4.25% Q3

0.4%

4.2%

2.3%

3.1%

4.25% Q4

Macro Forecasts - China

*End of period Source: Danske Bank, Macrobond GDP, q/q

Unemployment rate

Inflation, y/y

Policy rate 1.3%

5.4%

1.1%

1.4% 2026 Q1

0.9%

5.0%

0.9%

1.4% Q2

1.1%

5.2%

0.8%

1.3% Q3

1.3%

5.2%

0.6%

1.2% Q4

1.1%

5.2%

0.8%

1.1% 2027 Q1

1.2%

5.2%

1.0%

1.0% Q2

1.2%

5.2%

1.1%

1.0% Q3

1.2%

5.2%

1.2%

1.0% Q4

Forecast tables

第 35 页

Summary Global Euro area US China Nordic summary Denmark Sweden Norway FinlandContentsAnalysts

Danske Bank / Nordic Outlook 35 China United States Finland Euro area Norway Sweden Denmark

Source: OECD and Danske Bank. * % y/y. ** % of labour force. *** % of GDP. 2025

2026

2027

2025

2026

2027

2025

2026

2027

2025

2026

2027

2025

2026

2027

2025

2026

2027

2025

2026

2027 Year

3.5

4.0

3.0

1.6

2.8

2.5

1.7

1.0

1.7

1.3

0.8

1.4

0.8

1.8

1.4

2.1

2.1

1.8

5.1

4.6

4.7 GDP*

2.2

1.9

2.1

2.1

2.7

2.9

2.6

1.0

3.0

1.4

0.9

1.1

-1.1

1.7

1.0

2.6

1.9

1.4

4.6

4.2

4.7 Private cons.*

2.1

1.0

4.0

1.6

1.3

1.4

2.4

2.3

1.8

1.4

2.1

1.3

0.1

0.1

-0.5

1.1

0.6

1.7

-

-

  • Public cons.*

-3.8

-1.1

2.9

2.1

4.0

2.6

0.8

1.5

1.5

3.0

0.7

1.0

1.4

2.1

0.1

2.7

4.6

5.4

1.0

1.5

4.0 Fixed inv.*

3.5

6.5

4.2

4.1

4.3

3.3

2.7

1.5

2.0

2.0

0.6

1.5

5.0

7.2

3.1

1.6

4.7

3.3

-

-

  • Ex- ports*

-1.2

1.8

3.4

5.0

3.7

3.2

2.6

1.4

1.8

3.6

1.4

1.0

2.6

6.5

1.3

2.7

3.4

6.0

-

-

  • Im- ports*

1.9

1.5

2.2

2.6

1.4

2.7

3.0

3.0

2.3

2.1

3.0

2.5

0.3

2.0

2.1

2.7

3.2

2.5

0.0

0.8

1.0 Inf- lation*

3.8

3.5

3.3

3.6

3.5

3.5

4.7

4.4

3.7

3.9

3.2

2.9

2.8

3.6

3.3

3.5

3.5

4.0

-

-

  • Wage growth *

2.9

3.1

3.5

8.8

8.6

7.9

2.0

2.3

2.4

6.3

6.4

6.4

9.7

10.5

9.9

4.3

4.3

4.2

5.1

5.2

5.2 Unemp. **

2.8

1.3

0.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-2.9

-3.5

-3.5

-3.4

-4.4

-4.6

-5.8

-6.0

-5.9

-8.4

-8.7

-8.9 Public budget ***

27.2

26.0

25.9

34.6

36.2

37.5

-

-

-

88.7

90.6

91.4

88.5

89.6

91.0

99.9

101.8

102.9

99.7

107.4

113.0 Public debt ***

12.5

11.4

10.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

2.5

1.7

1.7

-

-

-

-3.8

-3.3

-3.2

3.7

3.5

3.3 经常账户 ***

预测表

第 36 页

摘要 全球 欧元区 美国 中国 北欧摘要 丹麦 瑞典 挪威 芬兰 内容 分析师

丹麦银行 / Nordic Outlook 36 披露

本研究报告由丹麦银行A/S(‘丹麦银行’)编制。本研究报告的作者列于第 2 页。

分析师认证 每位对本研究报告内容负责的研究分析师证明,本研究报告中所表达的观点准确反映了研究分析师对所涵盖金融工具和发行人的个人观点。每位负责任的研究分析师进一步证明,其薪酬的任何部分均未直接或间接与本研究报告中所表达的具体建议相关,现在、过去或将来均不会。

法规 丹麦银行由丹麦金融服务管理局(Finanstilsynet)授权并监管。丹麦银行在英国由审慎监管局授权。受金融行为监管局监管,并受审慎监管局有限监管。有关我们受审慎监管局监管范围的详细信息,可应要求提供。

丹麦银行的研究报告按照丹麦资本市场建议编写。

利益冲突 丹麦银行已制定相关程序,以防止利益冲突,并确保基于研究客观性和独立性提供高质量的研究。这些程序记录在丹麦银行的研究政策中。丹麦银行研究部门的员工已被指示,任何可能损害研究客观性和独立性的请求都应提交给研究管理层和合规部门。丹麦银行的研究部门独立于丹麦银行的其他业务领域组织,且不向其汇报。

研究分析师的薪酬部分基于丹麦银行的整体盈利能力,其中包括投资银行业务收入,但分析师不会获得与特定企业融资或债务资本市场交易挂钩的奖金或其他报酬。

本研究报告中所用的金融模型和/或方法 本研究报告中的计算和表述基于标准计量经济学工具和方法,以及每个证券、发行人和/或国家的公开统计数据。可应要求向作者索取相关文件。

风险提示 与本研究报告中的建议或观点相关的主要风险,包括对相关假设的敏感性分析,已在正文中阐明。

预期更新 每季度

首次发布日期 本研究报告第2页载有首次发布日期。

Page 37

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丹麦银行 / Nordic Outlook 37 一般免责声明

机构免责声明
This research has been prepared by Danske Bank A/S. It is provided for informational purposes only and should not be considered investment, legal or tax advice. It does not constitute or form part of, and shall under no circumstances be considered as, an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to purchase or sell any relevant financial instruments (i.e. financial instruments mentioned herein or other financial instruments of any issuer mentioned herein and/or options, warrants, rights or other interests with respect to any such financial instruments) (‘Relevant Financial Instruments’). This research report has been prepared independently and solely on the basis of publicly available information that Danske Bank A/S considers to be reliable but Danske Bank A/S has not independently verified the contents hereof. 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