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华侨银行研究 · 2026/08/24

新旧增长引擎之间的颠簸过渡

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关注我们的播客,请在Telegram上搜索“OCBC Research Insights”! 1 1 由全球市场部 | 24 八月 2026 大中华区 – 每周回顾要点:新旧增长引擎之间的颠簸过渡

上周,香港股市与内地A股再次出现分化。令人失望的7月经济数据加剧了市场对国内需求持续疲软的担忧,主要拖累了A股。相比之下,香港股市则因持续的流动性顺风和对离岸中国资产风险偏好的增强而表现更好。在货币政策方面,中国人民银行连续第15个月维持贷款市场报价利率(LPR)不变,同时恢复了7天期逆回购操作。8月21,日,央行通过固定利率、数量招标的方式,以7天期逆回购操作向市场注入人民币95亿元,全额满足了主要一级交易商的需求。此前,央行已连续八个交易日暂停7天期逆回购操作。这进一步印证了央行在管理短期流动性方面正变得更加精准和灵活。央行不再机械地依赖每日7天期逆回购,而是根据市场资金状况的变化,调整流动性注入的期限、时点和规模。此前暂停7天期操作,同时使用隔夜逆回购,表明央行越来越倾向于运用更广泛的工具组合来微调流动性。

7月数据显示,中国经济动能进入下半年后仍不稳定。诚然,不利天气等临时因素可能放大了经济疲弱程度。7月有三个台风登陆,扰乱了东南沿海的主要制造业中心,可能促使制造业PMI回落至收缩区间。然而,超出这些暂时性噪音之外,数据持续凸显中国经济面临的两大根本性挑战。首先,国内需求、尤其是消费,仍是主要拖累因素,且“政策效应消退”现象明显。社会消费品零售总额同比增速放缓至1%以下,很大程度上反映了此前以旧换新补贴计划的回撤效应。补贴提前释放了汽车、家电等耐用品的需求,实质上透支了未来的消费。然而,剔除汽车后,社会消费品零售总额仍相对稳健,1至7月同比上涨2.7%,仅略低于上半年的2.8%。更广泛的信息是,此前的政策驱动的消费冲动正在消退,而居民收入预期和就业状况尚未成为可持续的增长动力。失业率也上升至5.2%,强化了家庭需求依然疲软的观点。换言之,政策暂时平滑了消费,但尚未形成家庭支出的自我维持式复苏。

通过搜索‘OCBC Research Insights’在Telegram上关注我们的播客!2 2 由全球市场提供| 24 八月 2026 其次,投资疲软正变得越来越具有结构性,房地产仍然是最大的拖累。更令人担忧的是,不包括房地产的固定资产投资收缩了 3.7%,这表明放缓不再局限于房地产,已经蔓延至基础设施和制造业投资。地方政府仍然受到债务化解要求的制约,财政能力有限,而私营部门投资意愿在预期回报较弱和国内需求不确定性持续的情况下仍然低迷。尽管如此,经济并非全面走弱,而是K型分化日益明显。AI经济和高附加值制造业仍然是重要的韧性来源。1月至7月,计算机、通信和其他电子设备制造业投资同比增速加快至 7.8%,而上半年为 6.5%,该行业产出增长进一步增强至同比 19.1%。这突显了旧经济(房地产和传统投资面临压力)与新经济(AI相关资本开支和高附加值制造业持续扩张)之间日益可见的分化。总体而言,中国仍处于新旧增长引擎之间艰难转型的进程中。问题不在于缺乏新的增长动力,而在于其当前规模。AI和先进制造业正在快速扩张,但它们的规模尚不足以完全抵消房地产、传统投资和居民需求的结构性放缓。这使得经济日益依赖于相对狭窄的高增长行业,而更广泛的国内需求复苏仍未完成。最新数据提高了我们的预测风险,即 2 季度增长是今年的低点。香港的通胀压力今年以来保持温和。7月份整体CPI同比分别上涨 1.7% 和 1.9%(6月份分别为 2.0% 和 1.9%),反映了当月政府费率减免的影响。同时,基本CPI(剔除政府所有一次性纾困措施的影响)同比上涨 1.9%,与上月持平。在分项数据中,“电力、燃气及水”和“交通”分别录得同比 10.8% 和 5.0% 的较大涨幅,反映了油价和燃油附加费高企的持续影响。另一方面,“住房”和“食品”类别的通胀——合计占CPI篮子超过 60%——保持温和(分别为同比 0.5% 和 0.1%),从而限制了整体通胀的上行空间。另外,香港经季节性调整的失业率在5月至7月 2026 期间从之前的 3.7% 微升至 3.8%,大多数行业的失业率上升。失业人数上升至 145,700,,但这在很大程度上与劳动力人数增加至 3.793 百万人相吻合,因为学年结束后,应届毕业生和离校生进入就业市场。然而,经季节性调整后,5月至7月 2026 的失业率保持在 3.7% 不变。现货美元兑港元在 13 八月升至近期高点 7.8477,距离 23 点仅差

在 Telegram 上搜索‘OCBC Research Insights’即可关注我们的播客!3 3 由全球市场部 | 24 八月 2026 从弱方兑换保证的 7.85 开始,随后因筹资活动和股息支付前港元流动性收紧而回落。上周五,政府最新一期港元50 亿元银色债券的认购开始,锁定了大量资金。历史上银色债券的需求一直强劲。例如,2025 期发行吸引了约港元98.2 亿元的认购,超额认购比率约为最终发行规模的1.8 倍。与此同时,快时尚巨头 Shein 据报道计划于本周启动其香港 IPO,目标估值约为美元26 亿元。

通过Telegram搜索'OCBC Research Insights'关注我们的播客!4 4 由全球市场部 | 24 8月 2026 关键事件 事实 华侨银行观点 ▪ 8月21,日,央行通过固定利率、数量招标的方式开展了95亿元7天期逆回购操作,全额满足了主要交易商的需求。此前,该7天期操作已连续八个交易日暂停。▪ 这进一步印证了央行在管理短期流动性方面日益精准和灵活。央行不再机械地依赖每日7天期逆回购,而是根据市场资金面变化调整流动性投放的期限、时点和规模。此前暂停7天期操作,同时使用隔夜逆回购,表明央行越来越倾向于使用更广泛的工具组合来微调流动性。▪ 香港:现货美元兑港元在13月7.8477日升至近期高点7.8477,距弱方兑换保证7.85仅差23个点,随后因港元流动性在筹资活动和股息支付前收紧而回落。▪ 上周五,政府最新一期50亿港元银色债券的认购开始,锁定了大量资金。银色债券的需求历来强劲。例如,2025年发行吸引了约98.2亿港元的认购,最终发行规模超额认购约1.8倍。与此同时,快时尚巨头希音据悉计划本周在香港进行IPO,目标估值约为26亿美元。▪ 除了这些阶段性流动性收紧事件外,我们仍然认为本地催化剂有限,难以对港元同业拆借利率形成持续上行压力。贷款方面,尽管今年迄今总贷款及垫款增长稳健,但贷存比仍接近多年低位,截至6月底为71.48%,反映出贷款需求相对存款增长依然疲弱。▪ 此外,香港楼市复苏近期遭遇挫折。在美联储政策利率路径不确定和宏观经济不确定性挥之不去的背景下,买家情绪趋于谨慎。7月住宅物业交易量降至4,462宗,较今年第二季度月均水平下降约40%。▪ 与此同时,近期通过股票互联互通南向流入资金明显放缓。6月和7月南向净买入额分别为27亿港元和63亿港元,均低于第一季度录得的74亿港元月均水平,显示内地投资者参与度有所减弱。关键经济数据 事实 华侨银行观点 ▪ 7月数据表明,中国经济动能在下半年伊始仍不稳定。▪ 诚然,不利天气等临时性因素可能放大了疲弱程度。7月有三个台风登陆,扰乱了东南沿海主要制造业中心,可能促使制造业PMI重回收缩区间。

在Telegram上搜索“OCBC Research Insights”关注我们的播客!5 5 由全球市场部 | 24 八月 2026 ▪ 然而,在这些暂时性噪音之外,数据继续凸显中国经济面临的两大根本性挑战。▪ 首先,国内需求,尤其是消费,仍是主要拖累,且出现明显的“政策效应消退”现象。零售销售增速放缓至同比低于1%,很大程度上反映了此前以旧换新补贴计划的回撤效应。补贴提前释放了汽车和家电等耐用品的需求,实质上透支了未来时期的消费。然而,剔除汽车后,零售销售仍相对坚挺,1-7月同比增长2.7%,仅略低于上半年的2.8%。▪ 更广泛的信息是,早前政策驱动的消费脉冲正在消退,而家庭收入预期和就业状况尚未成为可持续的增长动力。失业率也上升至5.2%,强化了潜在家庭需求仍然疲软的观点。换言之,政策暂时平滑了消费,但尚未带来家庭支出的自我维持式复苏。▪ 其次,投资疲软日益呈现结构性特征,房地产仍是最大拖累。更令人担忧的是,不含房地产的固定资产投资收缩了3.7%,表明放缓不再局限于房地产,已蔓延至基础设施和制造业投资。地方政府仍受制于债务化解要求,财政能力受限,而民间投资意愿在预期回报下降和国内需求不确定性持续的背景下保持低迷。▪ 尽管如此,经济并非全面走弱,而是K型分化更加明显。AI经济和先进制造业仍是重要的韧性来源。计算机、通信和其他电子设备制造业投资在1-7月同比加速至7.8%,高于上半年的6.5%,而该行业产出增长进一步走强至同比19.1%。这凸显了旧经济(房地产和传统投资承压)与新经济(AI相关资本开支和高档制造业持续扩张)之间日益明显的分化。▪ 总体而言,中国仍处于新旧增长引擎之间的艰难转型期。问题不在于缺乏新增长动力,而在于其当前规模。AI和先进制造业正在快速扩张,但尚不足以完全抵消房地产、传统投资和家庭需求的结构性放缓。这使得经济越来越依赖少数高增长行业,而更广泛的内需复苏仍不完整。最新数据加大了我们对今年第2季度增长为年内低点的判断所面临的风险。

通过Telegram搜索‘OCBC Research Insights’关注我们的播客!6 6 由全球市场部 | 24 八月 2026 ▪ 香港:今年迄今通胀压力保持良好受控。7月份整体CPI同比涨幅分别放缓至1.7%和1.9%(6月份分别为2.0%和1.9%),反映了当月政府费用减免的影响。与此同时,基本CPI(剔除所有政府一次性纾困措施的影响)同比上涨1.9%,与上月持平。▪ 分项来看,“电力、燃气及水”和“交通”分别同比大幅上涨10.8%和5.0%,反映出油价上涨和燃油附加费的持续影响。▪ 另一方面,“住房”和“食品”类别的通胀——合计占CPI篮子比重超过60%——保持受控(分别同比上涨0.5%和0.1%),从而限制了整体的通胀上行空间。▪ 我们预计,在去年高基数以及油价上涨传导有限的情况下,今年剩余时间内整体通胀压力将保持温和。▪ 香港:经季节性调整的失业率在5月至7月期间从上期的3.7%微升至3.8%,大多数行业的失业率均有所上升。失业人数升至145,700,,但这在很大程度上与劳动力人口增至3.793百万人相吻合,因为学年结束后应届毕业生和离校生进入就业市场。然而,经季节性调整后,5月至7月的失业率保持在3.7%不变。▪ 5月至7月的就业不足率进一步上升至1.7%,高于4月至6月的1.6%,进一步证明劳动力市场正在缓慢走弱。另一方面,劳动力参与率微升0.1个百分点至56.3%,但仍接近历史低点56.1%,显示出持续的结构性挑战。▪ 与截至6月的三个月相比,截至7月的三个月中,大多数行业的失业率均小幅上升,但“建筑业”和“公共行政、社会及个人服务业”除外。▪ 我们维持此前的观点,即由于招聘情绪依然谨慎,未来一段时期劳动力市场闲置可能温和扩大。▪ ▪

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AI 分析
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关键论点
  • 中国7月数据凸显两大根本性挑战:内需疲软且政策效应消退,以及投资结构性走弱,不含房地产的固定资产投资同比下降3.7%。
  • 人工智能经济和先进制造业仍是韧性来源,1-7月计算机、通信和其他电子设备制造业投资同比增速加快至7.8%,产出增长达19.1%。
  • 近期数据对华侨银行关于二季度增长为年内低点的判断构成风险。
  • 香港7月整体CPI同比放缓至1.7%,但基本CPI稳定在1.9%;预计年内整体通胀压力仍将温和。
  • 香港经季节性调整的失业率在2026年5-7月维持在3.7%,但就业不足率上升至1.7%,表明劳动力市场正缓慢转弱。
  • 中国人民银行流动性管理更加精准灵活,体现在7天逆回购在暂停八天后恢复。
  • 香港楼市复苏遭遇挫折,7月住宅物业交易量降至4,462宗,较二季度月均水平下降约40%。
风险
  • 如果内需持续疲软且投资疲弱蔓延至房地产以外领域,中国经济复苏可能弱于预期。
  • 新旧经济之间的K型分化可能持续,使经济依赖少数高增长行业。
  • 如果美联储政策不确定性下买家情绪保持谨慎,香港楼市可能面临进一步挫折。
  • 如果招聘情绪保持谨慎,香港劳动力市场松弛可能加剧。
  • 如果油价进一步上涨并传导至消费价格,香港通胀压力可能重现。